Customized Learning Theory Essay

Educational techniques have been around for m any(prenominal) centuries. Through the centuries, t distributivelying techniques have non changed. However, many methods have emerged which has been outlined as educational theory. Students have many different development styles that help them peck. Teachers must learn how to teach to include each of the learning styles so each student learns what they need to know. Teaching students with attending deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) washstand be very difficult to teach. These students need to be active in what they be doing and what they are learning.Using the kinesthetic learning style will help tremendously when teaching a nipper with ADHD. Learning disabilities are problems that extend to the forefronts major power to receive, process, analyze, or blood information. These problems can make it difficult for a student to learn as quickly as some nonpareil who is not affected by learning disabilities. Certain kinds of learni ng disabilities can interfere with a persons ability to concentrate or point and can cause someones mind to wander too much. Other learning disabilities can make it difficult for a student to read, write, spell, or bat math problems.Research is organism conducted daily to be able to determine which learning theories work for which student. Some students learn better by listening, some by doing and some by hearing. Although, teaching can be dated back to the bible, Proverbs 42 states I give you sound learning, so do not forsake my teaching (Holy Bible, NIV). Romans 127 states that if it is serving, hence serve if it is teaching, then teach (Holy Bible, NIV). No matter what a instructor teaches, as long as each student gets what they deserve out of the teaching is the only thing that matters.Learning Theory and its Importance Every teacher has his or her proclaim learning theory. Not every theory is the same. One of the best known learning theories in use today is the Piagets the ory (Slavin, 2012). Piaget believed that there were four factors that die hard to a childs development. Children use aids and begin to understand how things work which helps the child learn how to do things for themselves. Another factor is that children learn from enculturation with other children their age. This gives the child an opportunity to view other childrens behaviors and learn from each behavior.The child will then be able to develop their own patterns and personality. From there, the child can make their own decisions and find out what works best for them. Culture plays a big diverge in ways that affect learning theories. Vygotsky thought of the practice of education as a source rather than a result of the development of cognitive and learning skills. Many commonwealth before Vygotsky believed that people possessed the essential learning ability however, it just required to be coaxed out. Adolescence is one of the most trying times for a new-make Christian.According to Hosseini, Elias, Krauss, & Aishah (2010), adolescence is a point in time when an individual makes a choice in their future education, any major animation roles, any relationships, and where a child establishes toward long-term goal to work toward to. This proves that it is imperative of having Christian principles of morality integrated into the school systems. Description of an Effective Teacher and Learning Environment macrocosm an effective teacher takes a lot of determination, understanding and commitment and also considered to be an designed teacher.When a teacher focuses too much of his or her teaching method on one area, other instructional areas could drop. Slavin (2012) states that teaching involves planning and preparation, and the components which make a good teacher are decision making, reflection, application of education search and self-knowledge and self-regulation. Teachers need to be highly qualified according to federal law. The problem was that a negative impingement of the requirement of having highly qualified teacher on recruitment and retention of personnel in rural areas was feared.Leading educators in education and special education have argued that the requirement may worsen the already significant critical shortages and attrition rate in rural special education. Another problem that was brought up was the cost to have highly qualified teachers and no extra compensation. Administrators fear that they might not be able to recruit special education teachers who meet the highly qualified standard. This legislation has made an impact on the rural areas of public and private schools.If the standards are set high, then individuals who would want to be teachers would see education as not as fascinating as other career options (Courtade et. al. , 2010, p. 10). Everybody knows that there are no two children who learn at the same pace but only an effective teacher would understand this. An effective teacher would use different learni ng styles to help educate each child. Direct instruction and setting objectives are important in the schoolroom. Being able to translate directive instructions clearly and concisely is imperative.An effective teacher wants to make sure the student can understand what is being taught which makes the difference between good and great learning. Being able to effectively deliver educational material would allow the students to become confident with his or her ability to learn what is being taught. According to Slavin (2012), poor delivery of lesson plans can have a negative impact on a students rational set. When a teacher has a good lesson delivery, it allows the students to become more(prenominal) confident however, it is necessary that the lesson delivery be given using various delivery methods.During classroom instructions, a student does not only need ample time to learn new material, the student needs to review old material that was already taught. Having the time to review and learn new material shows the students how the old and new material goes together and instills the importance of all the material. Homework is a part of a lesson plan that is extremely important. Homework was once thought to be essential to learning and should be mandatory. It was once thought that homework was important and can come on a students education more than a student who did not complete the homework assignments.This was contradicted when research was conducted when students were allowed to choose whether or not they cherished to do homework. Results showed that the group who did not do the homework outperformed the students who did the mandatory homework (Gutarts & Baines (2010). Technology has become a big part in education. Technology has interpreted over the ranks for textbooks, emails, information, and paper. Several counties in Virginia have been using iPads and laptops instead of textbooks (Reid, 2011).Digital engine room holds enormous potential for transforming instruction (Reid, 2011). The introduction of new technology into the classroom is an important component to help foster a learning environment that will encourage problem-solving and critical thinking (Reid, 2011). However, if a teacher chooses to use any form of technology in the classroom, the teacher needs to be headspring educated with technology. Some people would think that if a teacher was illiterate when it comes to computers, then why teach with them or use computers in a classroom.A teacher may not need to know the ins and outs of technology but he or she must know what websites are trusted, how to surf the internet, send out emails, set up blackboards, and use whiteboards (which can display what is on the computer onto the wall or blackboard). Technology has been very helpful when it comes to distance learning. Distance learning has helped many adults go back to college to get a degree when his or her life does not allow them to go to an actual classroom. Individuals with reading disabilities tend to become overwhelmed with reading and other activities during school.A child who cannot read well and is in eye school will not be able to take proper notes because he or she does not know how to write well either. In one study, a teacher used an iPad as a tool to help a fifth grade struggling reader with ADHD. The use of the iPad helped the student focus attention, and the iPad also helped the student become more metacognitive in reading. Using the iPad showed an increase of one years growth in a six week period using pre- and post-assessments (McClanahan, Williams, Kennedy, & Tate, 2012).The student also gained in confidence and sense of being in control of his learning. While generalizations to other struggling readers with Attention shortfall Hyperactivity Disorder cannot be made, the success this student devourd suggests that the use of this device is worth serious consideration and research in similar contexts (McClanahan, et. al. , 2012). Le arning Characteristics Modalities and mogul Grouping Learning modalities are important when it comes to learning and teaching. The three different types of modalities include, opthalmic, auditory, and kinesthetic.According to Anderson (n. d. ), learning modalities are the sensory channels or pathways through which individuals give, receive, and store information. Perception, memory, and sensation include the notion of modality. Approximately 25-30% of students are visual learners (Anderson, n. d. ). Visual learners are those who learn by seeing (Anderson, n. d. ). Approximately 25-30% of students are auditory learners (Anderson, n. d. ). auditive learners are those who must hear what he or she hears to really understand it. Approximately 15% of students are tactile or kinesthetic learners (Anderson, n. . ). Tactile or kinesthetic learners need to feel and touch and get a better understanding if movement is involved. However, students can have mixed modalities which include visual and auditory, visual and kinesthetic, and auditory and kinesthetic. There are about 25-30% of students who have mixed modalities (Anderson, n. d. ). Learning modalities are important but it is not the only thing that helps the students. Teachers need to be prepared in their subject and need to be knowledgeable in the area they are teaching.Just because a teacher is knowledgeable, does not make them an intentional teacher and does not make them knowledgeable in writing lesson plans. If a teacher does not know how to deliver the knowledge to the students, the students are not red to learn as much as they should. When a teacher makes a lesson plan, it helps the teacher to be prepared and helps the teacher know how to convey much needed knowledge to the students. The concept of ability assort goes along with learning modalities. Ability sort out allows students to group together based on their ability to learn.Ability grouping allows students of higher direct to be grouped with high achieving students. Ability grouping also allows students of lower level to be grouped with lower achieving students. This type of grouping makes the assumption that the teacher will be able to teach the students based on the same level. This causes a problem because it can cause the lower level students to fall further being the higher level students because they are not taught the same things and the same ways. Personal ReflectionWhen conducting the Learning Styles Profile on myself, it made me aware of my learning styles which is that I am a more of a visual learner than anything but I feel that I am more of a kinesthetic learner so I would classify myself as having mixed modalities. Just watching something being done would not keep my attention but if I watched something being done while I was doing it, then I would have a better understanding. I would use this as part of my theory because an effective teacher has to have something for everyone.An effective teacher would have i nstructions for the auditory, visual and kinesthetic students so that each student can learn his or her own way. When conducting the Philosophical Methodology of Learning Profile, it showed that I scored highest and I have strong feeling in progressivist, and traditionalist methodology. My lowest score was genuinely a negative score and that was in socialist methodology. Inasmuch as I am an extreme progressivist, not all of it is true. I believe that everything has to have a point and to be proven but that does not mean that I deny the existence of God.I really believe that in the progressive vogue the teacher becomes the facilitator or the director of learning, while the student becomes the center of focus as an individual. I believe that school revolves around the children. I believe that if a teacher looks at a class as a whole and not individuals, the individuals who need help will not get it. A child with special needs slips through the cracks all the time, and in my opinion, that is not acceptable. The supervisor of learning can direct the learning from different perspectives ultimately considering the needs of the individual.An experience centered approach stems from this philosophical methodology using projects, cooperative group activities, and critical thinking and problem solving, decision-making skills. Getting children to work together as well as separately will help the children get ideas off of other students. This way, the student will know if they need extra help in a certain area and can ask for help when needed. Conclusion Each child learns differently. Each teacher has to have his or her own theory on what would work in his or her classroom. Schools are for learning and teaching promotes learning, but learning also takes place through experience and individual study (Van Brummelen, 2009, p. 13). A teacher must trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding (Proverbs 35). Inasmuch as educational theories have been around for centuries, times change, the way that teachers educate students will change, and the way children learn will change. Teachers must adapt to the New Age which includes many forms of technology and new learning theories.

Resistance to Change in Food and Beverage Department

1 Resistance to Change A Case Study in the Food and Beverage Department 2 Change is green in an organization and is initiated due to the need to survive and adapt to the changing grocery store. As flip-flop is a disruption of routines and what people argon used to, apology to assortment is a common response of the mixture recipients. People resist changes because changes are uncomfortable and require them to adapt to a new way of thought process and doing things. Also, people fox trouble envisioning how life exit be like after changed hence, they tend to stick to the unknown rather than embracing the unknown.This turn out is going to demonstrate why employees resist change in the hospitality and gaming organization with around 6000 employees and how the change factor can turn their exemption to advantages. The Food and Beverage department (F&B) is undergoing a change in the sustenance safety management initiated by the new F&B director. The director attempts to uncove r a new food safety audit scheme with the objective to raise the food safety standard of the dining goings. The change recipients, the F&B Kitchen, Service and Stewarding eams, are resisting the change by ignoring the directors requests and refusing to cooperate with him. The change of food safety management creates disruption in the daily trading operations of the change recipients. As a result, rather than providing im prove services, the number of guests complaints and the turnover rate of F&B staff increase drastically one calendar month after the change has started. The process of change is now stuck at its beginning because of the conflicts between the director and the F&B teams. The employees reactions and resistance are so undischarged that the change The proposed change, which is ow appears to be impossible to implement. originally of a good intention to upgrade the F&B outlets, is doomed to failure because the change agent the F&B director is so engrossed in his pla n that he never tries to understand the reasons of resistance to his proposed change. 3 When the change was initiated, the change agent occupied a consultant to assist in the process of change. The consultant works out a plan of the new food safety practices on what has to be changed and to what extent these things have to be changed.The use of outsider to teach and give comments to the F&B teams on how things should be done gives them an impression that their experience is non valued and their ways of work are non respected. The assumption in the change recipients minds is that their new boss thinks they have not been delivering a satisfactory proceeding in food safety so the director has employed an outsider to look for their wrongdoings. Other than the daily operation of the outlets, the change affects the brotherly relationship among the threesome F&B teams and the food safety audit team.The use of a stricter audit system means that they have to work harder to comply with the standards. Moreover, failing the food safety audit will result in disciplinary actions, such as issue of warning letters or temporary suspension of work. Therefore, the social relationship among the three teams changes from cooperating with one another into shuffling the blame of food safety standard non-conformance off to one another. In addition, in the past, the F&B teams worked closely with the food safety audit team in upholding the agreed standard.However, because of the fear for failing the higher food safety standard, the F&B teams have become hostile to the audit team and are always get a lineing to argue with the audit team on the result of audit. Another reason of resistance to change is that the director has put too much pressure on his teams in upholding the high standards and meeting the targets of continuous increase in restaurants income and reduction in operating cost. These unrealistic objectives lead to a huge workload and pressure and cause the teams overloa d. 4 Conflicts among the teams emerge, leading to frustrations and anger of the employees and finally, high turnover rate.The shortage of hands in the restaurants contributes to the unsatisfying customer service and increase in guests complaints. Besides, the pressure of the restaurant managers and chefs to fulfill the objectives creates panic and confusion in the operating level. In cabaret to save cost, chefs tend not to maintain the food safety standards that request them to throw away unused food items. On the contrary, the food audit team and the outlet managers enquire the This confusion in employees to comply strictly with the food safety standards. peration and food safety practices leads to employees frustration, high turnover rate, and, consequently, shortage of labor in the restaurants, especially when the unemployment rate of the economy is so low that it is very easy for the employees to get another job. In addition, the change agent fails to listen to the employees when he is implementing the changes. The outlet managers and chefs have already told him that the high food safety standard is unrealistic and impossible to attain. The neglect of the employees frustrations has led to the employees chronic resistance and persistent hostility towards the change agent.As a result, that particular change and other beneficial changes introduced by the director do not work as planned and are totally spurned by the change recipients. Without the cooperation of the change recipients, the project is in slow progress because they try to fool around with the consultant and the director and refuse to cooperate. As the resistance of change persists, the change appears to fail sooner or later. The main reason of failure is that the change agent perceives the resistance as the enemy 5 of change because of the belief that a change process with only minimal resistance is a good change (Waddell and Amrik, 1998).In fact, resistance, like pain, reflects that What som ething is wrong in the process, but not that the change itself is wrong. causes the resistance is how the change is implemented instead of what has to be changed. change. Resistance, when managed guardedly, can be used as an advantage to assist In fact, resistance is an of import form of feedback, giving the change agent some valuable inputs on what have gone wrong in the implementation of change. Therefore, the director should look into the resistance, try to understand it and use it to refine the change effort.In order to reduce resistance, it is essential to stimulate a guiding coalition with the restaurant managers and chefs. In order to build the coalition, the director should abandon the idea that he is doing the right and proper thing while the change recipients are throwing up unreasonable obstacles or barriers intent on doing in or screwing up the change (Dent and Goldberg, 1999). Furthermore, the change agent should always communicate with the change recipients and try to understand the uncertainties and potential problems, caused by the change, confront by change recipients.He should also present his vision and the company goals clearly so that the change recipients can align their objectives with that of the change agent and the company. Moreover, Spreitzer and Quinn state that change agents contribute to the occurrence of what they call resistant behaviors and communications through their own actions and inactions, owing to their own ignorance, incompetence, or mismanagement (1996). The director, instead of trying to understand the difficulties his employees are facing in their operation, uses fear management and exerts pressure on the outlet 6 anagers and chefs to change because he believes that this particular change is good and necessary for the company. However, as Hultman (1979) comments that it is a fallacy to consider the change itself to be inherently good because change can only be evaluated by its consequences. This belief cannot be p roved with any certainty until the change effort has been completed and sufficient time has passed. The change agent should, rather than getting an outsider the consultant to initiate the change, put forward participation from the teams and respected their opinions regarding the routines of the restaurants.Besides, the change agent should create a great sense of urgency in that particular change, for example, whether it is government requirement or market driven (Ford et al. 2008). Without explaining the need and urgency of change, the change recipients In fact, the change are unable to relate the change with the objective reality. proposed by the director is driven by the government food safety policy which will be put into practice next year, the highly competitive market and the increase in customers demand of high quality food and services.Therefore, there is an urgent need for the company to continuously improve and meet the demand of the customers in order to maintain pay and market share. It is fairly easy for the change agent to scapegoat the change recipients for the failure of change because of the uncooperative and hostile pose of the change recipients. However, the change agent should understand that change is a situation that interrupts the normal patterns of organization and calls for participants to enact new patterns. This process involves the interplay of deliberate and emergent processes that can be highly doubtful (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985).Change is an interruption of normal operation and implies an increase in workload, at least during the period of 7 change implementation. It is not difficult to imagine that the change recipients are reluctant to accept change right at the beginning, especially when they cannot foresee any immediate or long-term benefits. Therefore, the process of change should be guardedly planned and well-communicated in order to get the participation and support of the change recipients. On the other hand, par ticipations of the change recipients should be valued respectfully.Participation is a feeling on the part of people to be involved in a process but not just being called in to take part in discussions. People are more likely to respond to the way they are customarily treated and whose opinions are respected rather than being asked some carefully calculated questions about their opinions (Lawrence, 1969). The wrong way to elicit participation by overselling the positive and underselling the negative that the change will bring about will be perceived by the change recipients as intentional misrepresentation, injustice and violation of trust between the recipients and the agent (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985).Consequently, the change recipients will be more en garde to change and may even intentionally deliver bad performance in order to prove that the change is a failure. In fact, resistance is a resource that can be fully utilized when it is acknowledged and understood. Change agents h ave to be aware of the problems caused by change because these problems are constructed from novel, discrepant, or problematic situations that are puzzling, troubling, or uncertain to the participants of change (Weick, 1995).The emergence of problems demonstrates the potential obstacles that These problems, when will be encountered on the way to a successful change. managed carefully, can become advantages that greatly assist the process of change. Resistance is a form of conflict that strengthens and improves not only the quality of 8 decisions, but also the participants commitment to the implementation of those decisions (Amason, 1996). Hence, the F&B director should realize that he has to e-introduce the change as the benefits to the department and the company as a whole, and try to regain the trust of the F&B teams by inducing their participation with respect, taking more responsibilities in the occurrence of resistance and empowering the teams in the process of change. As a re sult, the process of change will be smoother and will ultimately succeed with the emergence of resistance. 9 Bibliography AMASON, A. C. (1996) Distinguishing the effects of functional and dysfunctional conflict on strategic decision fashioning resolving a paradox for top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39, pp. 23-148. BUCHANAN, D. A. and HUCZYNSKI, A. A. (2010) Organizational Behaviour. 7th ed. England Pearson Education Limited. DENT, E. B. and GOLDBERG, S. G. (1999) Challenging resistance to change. Journal of utilise Behavioral Science, 35, pp. 25-41. FORD, J. D. et al. (2008) Resistance to change the rest of the story. Academy of Management Review, 33 (2), pp. 362-377. HULTMAN, K. (1979) The Path of Least Resistance. TX, Denton Learning Concepts. LAWRENCE, P. R. (1969) How to deal with resistance to change. Harvard Business Review, 1, pp. 49-57. MALTZ, M and BASLER, F. (1997) portable Conference on Change Management.Hiam HRD Press. MINTZBERG, H. and WATERS, J. (1985) Of strategies, deliberate and emergent. Strategic Management Journal, 6, pp. 257-272. PARDO DEL VAL, M. et al. (2003) Resistance to change a literature review and empirical study. Management Decision, 41 (2), pp. 148-170. SHAPIRO, D. L. , and KIRKMAN, B. L. (1999) Employees reaction to the change to work teams the influence of anticipatory injustice. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(1), pp. 51-66. SPREITZER, G. M. and QUINN, R. E. (1996) Empowering middle managers to be transformational leaders. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, pp. 37-261. 10 TORMALA, Z. L. , and PETTY, R. E. (2004) Resisting persuasion and attitude certainty a meta-cognitive analysis. In KNOWLES, E. S. and LINN, J. A. , (eds. ) Resistance and Persuasion. Mahwah , NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 65-82. TRADER-LEIGH, K. E. (2002) Case study identifying resistance in managing change. Journal of Organization Change Management, 15(2), pp. 138-155. WADDELL, D. and AMRIK, S. S. (1998) R esistance a formative tool for change management. Management Decision, 36 (8), pp. 543-548. WEICK, K. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations. Beverly Hills, CA Sage.

Chess: Nervous System and Turkish Tribes

Chess is an old game which had been played by enemies of commanders before war began in order to they prove their agile against his rival centuries ago. Although deceiver did not become widespread among Turkish tribes in the past because of some religious and traditional reasons, finally it gained its reputation in close to of school nowadays. It is well known fact that Turkish tribes are famous with epic warriors in according to varied source of history books.Chess is excessively epic game, with the chessboard resembles a battlefield and two sets of pieces the two contending armies and the two rival players think in terms of attack, defense, capture, threats ambushes and tactics. The chess game is full of much(prenominal) activities which suggest a real and live combat. It is obvious that this game is more suitable Turkish customs than other nation cultures even if chess is invented by Indian people. A player of chess is required some qualifications like he jakes make a decisi ve move in genuinely complex situation even if under the pressure.Thats why a person who plays chess activates the central nervous system and develops positive emotional reactions. It is very(prenominal) good training challenging task and develop mental health in another stages for a person who plays chess. Opponents of chess have claimed that some arguments to condescend their arguments. Firstly, chess is objected by some people who misunderstood the Turkish religious because of it does not suitable for Turkish religious.So religious group assert that play chess is a hell on earth and it is banned by the god because, it was invented by the Indian people and they do not know anything about Turkish religious. save there are a lot of inventions in the Turkish society taken from other nations. Besides, god suggests that If something is useful for human there is no sin using it in the Quran. Secondly opponents of chess claim that play chess means that spending waste of leisure.Th ey claim that instead of playing chess, leisure can be spent more effectively with another sports. In fact that there is not any other game hobby or diversion as philosophical, intellectual, effectively and thoughtful as chess. In a word, it seems no doubt that there are many valid reasons in support of playing chess. We can understand that a person who plays chess can take a lot of benefit. There cannot be better pursuit than playing chess in leisure time. It not only keeps you busy but also gives entertainment.

Case 6: the Financial Detective

Case 6 The Financial Detective Financial data is the most crucial information in describing whatsoever sort of business, but this information is likewise useful in differentiating between different types of businesses. In any specific industry, many key players be present, to date their strategies and implementations of business vary greatly. Two firms may achieve the same earned profit, yet go about securing this profit in radically different shipway .A close analysis of financial data for each business can be used to understand and explain these different strategies employed by a given ships fraternity and how that strategy affects the financial performance of each follow. This case calls for the examination of dickens different companies within the same field and, finished analysis of selected financial information, determining which set of data belongs to which company nucleotided on the different characteristics and strategies employed by each company. The results of this analysis are as stick tos. Health Products The two companies listed hither manufacture and market health care products.The first is the worlds largest prescription-pharmaceutical company containing a broad pipeline of good pharmaceuticals backed by significant research and development, which has belatedly divested many of its non-related business holdings and is considered the partner of choice in terms of licensing agreements. The second company is a alter health-products company that manufactures and mass markets a broad line of pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, health and beauty products and medical devices. Brand development and concern is key to this company.Company A is the more diversified company, while Company B is the worlds largest pharmaceutical company. A major signifier hither is the intangible assets declareed by Company B, 46. 1 vs. 22. 2, which would explain the patents and licensing deals mentioned in the company description, as well as the robus t research and development budget. Another major clue here is in the inventory turnover. Company A, well-diversified with a mass-market strategy, turns over their inventory 3. 8 times vs. .93 of company B, which is to be pass judgment of a mass-market company intent of book of account sales to consumers.Beer Two brewers of beer are described here, the first being a national brewer of mass-market consumer beers change under a variety of brand names who also owns a number of beer-related businesses and several major theme parks. The second is a smallerer brewery with smaller production volume and higher prices that outsources most of its create from raw material activity. The firm is also mentioned to be financially conservative and has recently undergone major cost-saving initiatives. Company C is the national brewer while company D is the small market brewery.A major key here is understanding that company D is described as financially conservative, which helps explain the larg e amount of notes and short-term investments (55. 6) that they keep on hand, while also holding no long-term debt. A large, national company like C would be expected to carry some debt in order to finance such large operations. Also, as C operates an extensive network of breweries and distributorships, while also owning beer-related businesses and theme parks, it would follow that their net dictated assets would be quite large (54. 7) compared to the relatively smaller D (16).Computers The two companies described here sell computers and related equipment. One company focuses exclusively on mail-order sales of built-to-order PCs and devices and is an assembler of PC components manufactured by suppliers. The other company sells a highly differentiable line of computers and accessories and has recently begun to chance from a dramatic decline in its market share. The firm has an aggressive retail strategy intended to drive traffic through its stores and expand its installed base of c ustomers. Company E is the online retailer, while Company F is the retailer.As E is an assembler of parts supplied by a manufacturer, their manufacturing is essentially outsourced, which accounts for the higher cost of goods sold (81) as well as the higher amount of accounts payable, as they consume more supplies in order to assemble their products. As well, since company F is a bricks & mortar retailer as opposed to an online vendor, F has had to adopt and aggressive retail strategy that requires advert their products and stores and employees in which to sell their products, which accounts for the relatively higher SGA spending (23. 1). Books and MusicOf the two companies profiled here, the first focuses its sales based on a vast retail-store presence. This company is the leader of traditional book retailing, and also maintains an online presence and owns a publishing imprint. The other company sells books and music solely through its web site. Media is the majority of their sale s, but they also sell electronics and other intersection, and the company has only recently become profitable due to an aggressive strategy of acquiring related online businesses. Company G is the online retailer while company H is the traditional seller.G reaches customers solely through the internet, and besides various warehouses used for shipping it would have no need to keep large fixed assets, which explains why their net fixed assets (7. 6) are significantly lower than the traditional seller (24. 4), who requires the retail outlets needed to reach their customers. Along these lines, as H is a traditional seller of goods, their inventories (38. 6) are bound to be much higher, as their retail outlets need to remain stocked rather than ordering as needed like G would.This explains Gs higher cost of goods sold due to not needing to buy in bulk. Paper The companies listed here are both paper manufacturers. The first company is the worlds largest maker of paper and paper products, who also owns timberland, numerous paper-related facilities and a paper-distribution network. The company has spent the last few years closing ineffectual mills, implementing cost-containment initiatives and selling nonessential assets. The other firm is a small producer of specialty papers as well as towel and tissue products. well-nigh of the companys products are marketed under branded labels and the company purchases the wood fiber used in the paper making process. Company I is the large firm while company J is the smaller firm. The first clue to this conclusion is the amount of long-term debt company I is carrying (41. 3) compared to company J (18. 3). As we know that the larger firm has spent the last few years reorganizing and attempting to cut costs, it would make sense that these initiatives were taken because of high company debt. Along this line, Is total debt/total assets is much higher (42. 8), which would also help to explain the cost-containment initiatives needed. Also, Is cost of goods sold (75. 3) is lower than Js (82. 9), most likely due to their ownership of supply companies and Js decision to buy theor wood fiber on the open market. Hardware and Tools These two companies manufacture and sell hardware and tools. The first company is a global manufacturer and marketer of power tools and power-tool accessories that sells primarily to retailers and distributors with the branded products intended to reach the just consumer.The other company manufactures and markets high- character tools for professional users, offering a broad range of products sold through its own technical representatives and mobile franchise dealers. The company also provides financing for franchisees and customers large purchases. Company K is the global manufacturer while company L is the professional tool manufacturer. The first major hint here is the SGA expense for each company. Company Ls expense (38. 9) is significantly higher because of their use of technical repr esentatives and mobile franchises that they themselves provide financing for. As well, company Ls gross profit (48. ) is significantly higher, most likely due to the higher prices they are able to charge due to the precision and quality of their professional-minded tools. Retailing These two companies are both large discount retailers. The first firm carries a wide variety of nationally advertised general merchandise and is known for low prices and its volume-orientated strategy. Most of its stores are leased near the companys network of distribution centers and the company plans to expand. The second company is a promptly growing chain of upscale discount stores that attempts to match other retailers prices and offers deep discounts.The company has partnerships with many leading designers and offers credit to qualified customers. Company M is the general merchandiser while company N is the upscale discount store. As mentioned in the description, company N is known for providing cr edit to boost sales, and thus this extended credit appears in their receivables (17), as opposed to M (1. 4). Also, company Ns gross profit and profit margins are higher, as their strategy isnt based on volume sales (make smaller profit but sell way more) like company M is. Newspapers The companies listed here both own newspapers.The first is a diversified media company that generates most of its revenues through newspapers sold end-to-end the country and around the world. The company has large central controls and competes fiercely for subscribers and advertising revenues. The company also recently built a large office building for its headquarters. The second company owns a number of small community newspapers throughout the south and mid-west. The firm essentially holds a portfolio of small local monopolies and has a significant amount of goodwill on its balance sheet.The companys victor is hinged on decentralized decision making and administration. Company O is the Midwester n Company, while Company P is the well-diversified company. The description mentions how company P is forced to fiercely compete, which would surely raise their SGA expense (39. 7) as compared to company O (23). This is also true considering company Os emphasis on decentralized management and administration, which affects the SGA expense. Also, P recently built and owns a large office building, which would add to their net fixed assets (34. 6) compared to company Os (14. 1).

Narendra Modi Essay

1. Showing concern about the dwindling importance of teaching profession in the eyes of youth, prime quantity Minister Narendra Modi verbalise that there is destiny to find out why the value of a teacher has lost its sheen and why students dont want to be teachers when they grow up.2. The Prime Minister said there is a great demand for good teachers in the world, and India being a young country should be able to urinate good quality teachers for the world.3. PM Modi talked about the importance of teachers and called for the need of creating good quality teachers in the country who could be exported to the world. He said people who had achieved something in life and taken to a profession such as doctors and engineers should teach students in a school for one period in a week.4. lecture about the significance of Teachers Day, PM Modi remembered Dr Radhakrishnan and said serving the nation does not only mean doing grand things doing small things is a big service to the nation.5. PM Modi reiterated what he had said on his Independence-Day speech of having toilet facilities for girl students in every school.6. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that nation building should become a national movement and every individual should be associated with it.7. Giving encouragement to girl-education, PM said an educated girl further educates at least deuce more families.8. Inspirational lives of great personalities help in shaping our character, PM Modi called the students to read biographies to explore about the lives of great people.9. Describing himself as a taskmaster, PM Modi said he worked hard and expected the same from others. He added he expected work to be completed on time.1O. Modi concluded his speech by construction that a teacher must play an important role through a persons life. A teacher-student relationship must always be nurtured. Keep the child in you alive. Keep smiling and playing.

The Cause and Effects of Global Issue

The ca office and effect of orbiculate issue Because of the development of technology, which lot use to treat diseases, the deaths caused by communicable disease ar fall all over the world. However, the deaths of Non-communicable diseases increase. Non-communicable diseases such as Diabetes, Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cancer, which argon caused mainly by the stinky life-style result in the burden to the globose economy and caused m either deaths in the whole world. In this essay, firstly, the causes and effects of Diabetes will be introduced.Secondly, those things of CVD will be demonstrated. Finally, the pubic louses cause and effect will be discussed. Diabetes is a quite wide dispense disease, which is caused by the lack of an important horm genius called insulin. However, enquiryes show that people who cypher less, insobriety and smoke more than possibly get this disease and these parts are the primary causes of this disease (Colditz 1990, Helmrich 1991, Lync h 1996, Manson 2000, Ajani 2000). Because of the bed diffuse of this disease, people all over the world were greatly affected and it mainly includes three aspects.Above all, diabetes widely affects our wellness and daily life. Up to now, its still hard to cure diabetes. Diabetes has an excessive morbidity. DIABETES UK (2010) estimates that in 2009, 2. 6 million people in the UK were found to have diabetes and it predicted that the number would increase to 4 million people by 2025. not and, in the UK, diabetes is also a big problem in the US. In a research (2011) shows that 25. 8 million people in the United States suffered diabetes, which represents 8. 3 portion of the total population. In new(prenominal) developing countries, the situation is even more difficult.In addition to the extremely high rate, diabetes always leads to former(a) diseases ilk heart disease, High blood pressure, blindness, kidney disease, neuronic system disease. In 2004, 68 percent of people ripened t han 65 who were died from heart disease turned out to have relationship with diabetes (2011). From the year 2005 to 2008, 67 percent of people who suffered diabetes have greater blood pressure than the equal level (2011). Besides, diabetes is the leading actor of factors of blindness. In 2008, a total of 20290 people were living on kidney disease in the United States.Most of them have the score of diabetes. Whats more, about 60% to 70% of people with diabetes have a tendency of developing into nervous system disease (2011). Finally, it is also an scotch issue to both governings and individual. The Cost of Diabetes in Europe-Type 2 rent is the first coordinated attempt to measure total healthcare be of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Europe. It evaluated more than 7000 patients with Diabetes in eight countries which shows that the total tolls of diabetes were estimated at the EUR 29 cardinal a year(Jonsson,2004).It has the kindred situation in other countries all over the world . In Canada for 1998, the economic burden of diabetes was probable to surrounded by $4. 76 and $5. 23 billion(Keith, 1998). In Sweden, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is about 3%-4% of the population. The economic burden of diabetes is estimated at 5746 MSEK in1994. (Jonsson, 1983) CVD are the most common complication of diabetes diabetes causes the microscopic blood vessels of the heart which brings myocardial necrosis. In addition, it also causes atherosclerotic which contributes to coronary heart disease.Myocardial necrosis and heart disease both are a kind of CVD (Goldberg, 2000). Not only are CVD caused by diabetes, but also both of them have something in common. It shows clearly the connection between CVD and unhealthy lifestyle as diabetes does (Wright, Douglas, Rahman, 2004). In other words, unhealthy lifestyle is the main factor of CVD. Unhealthy lifestyle is reflected in using of tobacco, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise and staying up modern. On the one hand, with the development of social economy and the living standard improving, people have sufficient silver to buy tobacco.Consequently, tobacco is introduced into peoples life. It has an enormous negative effect on compassionates health and is also one of incentives of CVD (Millett, Gray, Saxena, Netuveli, 2007). As another effect of society progress, diet style has changed a plow peoples staple bread has changed into the high adipose and high protein instead of grain and vegetables (W. H. O. , 2005). fatten intake more than reasonable limit intake, which was the main factors of nutrition superfluous. Over nutrition causes overweight and weighty people greatly increases.Overweight and obesity are the common risk factors of CVD (W. H. O. , 2005). On the other hand, the quick whole tone of city life produces lack of exercise and staying up late. Lack of exercise causes the obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia ( Furberg and Thune, 2003). It has been inform by Furberg and Thune (2003) the main risk factors of CVD are hyperglycemia, hypertension, hyperglycemia and obesity. As a result of staying up late, people usually feel ill next day. Phillips (2005) explained the reason why people feel sick. It is because staying up late engenders endocrine disorders.In addition, endocrine disorders will cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is one of CVD (Phillips, 2005). Although the decrease of the death rate from CVD appears in some part of western countries (Slattery, Jacobs, Nichaman, 1989), it is still one of the most serious threats to humans, especially among the seniors, in demonstrable countries where medical equipment and technology is comparatively advanced(W. H. O. ,1993). That means the current state of CVD is not that positive as it seems to be. CVD is still one of the deadliest diseases in most parts of western world.Statistics demonstrate that More than 30% of deaths in the United States were caused by CVD (Pakenham, 2010). To make matters worse, the disease, which considered to be solely happening in the western world, now spread to the developing countries and is becoming a worldwide leading cause of death (W. H. O. , 2005). Take China as an example, the number of patients with CVD reached 230 million in 2008, which means that 2 in 10 adults are suffering from cardiovascular disease (The Ministry of Health, 2010). As a whole, this kind of problem still remains a challenge for human beings (Pakenham, 2010).CVD not only causes large quantities of death, but also increases the enormous economic burden. People who have undertake this kind of diseases suffered unbearable woo pressure including expensive cost of drugs, of undertaking body examinations regularly and of surgery. In 2010 in China, as far as cardiovascular disease is concerned, the acute myocardial infarction costs Chinese society 1. 946 billion Yuan, while 6. 587 billion Yuan in intracranial bleeding and 9. 817 billion Yuan in intellectual inf arction. (The Ministry of Health, 2010).According to China cardiovascular disease report(2010) despite of the fact of price changes, a respectively average annual growth rate of acute myocardial infarction, intracranial bleeding and cerebral infarction respect attained 34. 46%, 26. 85% and 31. 05% since 2004. China cardiovascular disease report (2010) verbalise that such a rapid growth of cost of CVD have a close connection with the rapid growth of the number of people and increases personal and national economic burden. Be similar to diabetes and CVD, the cancer spread very wide and quick and influence seriously. There are many factors, which can cause the change magnitude of crabby person.The main factor is the unhealthy lifestyle, such as alcohol abuse, inadequate diet, physical inactivity and tobaccos use. Tobaccos use, which has the biggest influence on human causes highest rate of cancer. The more and more use of tobacco causes the increase of lung cancer, which has a high fatality rate. According to the J Natl Cancer Inst (1981), by far, the largest reliably known percentage is the 30% of current U. S. cancer deaths that are due to tobacco. On the other hand, the physical inactivity also causes the increasing of cancer, because the cancer is from the genic mutation.If people do fewer exercises, the more rate of genic mutation will be. So people will have a high rate of getting cancer. Moreover, the pollution of environment causes the increasing of cancer too. It even can cause 37 forms of cancer (core-reading. No date) Because of the increasing of the cancer described above, it costs much money and influences the economy. This phenomenon not only occurs in developing countries but also in developed countries. According to the Boyle (2008), this is going to present an astonish problem at every level in every society worldwide. However, the influences in different countries are different.For example, the cost of cancer in the United States is less t han 1. 73% of GDP but in the Hungary, which has a smaller population and domestic economy it is more than 3. 05% of GDP. (Global Health, 2010) This kind of difference between developing and developed countries is the result of the different degree of attention in the countries. In developing countries, the government pay more attention to the development of economy thus the control of cancer was ignored. Only when cancer becomes an evident disaster, the government will turn to treat it. However, it will cost more money, because the treatment costs more money than the measure.The truth is that both developing and developed countries spend much money on cancer. The total economic impact of premature death and disability from cancer worldwide was $895 billion in 2008. This cost represents 1. 5 percent of the worlds gross domestic product (GDP). This economic toll from cancer is well-nigh 19 percent higher than heart disease, the second-leading cause of economic loss ($895 billion and $ 753 billion, respectively). (Global health, 2010) The high cost of cancer happened because the cancer has direct and indirect influences on the economy.The direct influences include the cost of treatment and prevention of cancer and the funds which be used in research of cancer. The indirectly influences is the decrease of the productivity, because there are no longer enough healthy adults who can work for the industry. Moreover, the death of cancer is more than any other disease, especially in the developing countries. People in Butler County are more likely to die from cancer than heart disease, counter to the trend seen nationally and across the region, according to Journal word of honors examination.In some developing countries, the cancer death can equal or larger than 60% of the total death in there per year(Boyle,Levin,2008). In 2008, there were 12. 4 million new effort of cancer diagnosed and 7. 6 million deaths from disease (Boyle,Levin,2008). There are a number of factor s, which account for the increasing of Non-communicable diseases. However, the main factor is the bad lifestyle of people. On the other hand, the Non-communicable diseases cause many deaths and loss of spherical economy. It has been argued that there are three kinds of Non-communicable diseases, including Diabetes, CVD and Cancer, which play the important role in NCD.These three diseases caused by the bad lifestyle such as the lack of the exercise and the superfluous or unhealthy diet. Because of the increasing of the NCD, it cost a lot of governments money to treat it and becomes a heavy burden to the global economy. All in all, the Non-communicable diseases as a global issue result in the burden with the global economy and cause many deaths in the whole world. References Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ,(1990)Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, Paffenbarger RS Jr.Physical activity and reduced occurrence of n on-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991 Lynch J, Helmrich SP, Lakka TA, et al. reasonably intense physical activities and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness reduce risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. fuddled Intern Med 1996 Manson JE, Ajani UA, Liu S, Nathan DM, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Am J Med 2000 Ajani UA, Hennekens CH, Spelsberg A, Manson JE. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus among US male physicians.Arch Intern Med 2000 entropy from the 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet (released Jan. 26, 2011) http//www. diabetes. org/diabetes-basics/diabetes-statistics/ Revealing the cost of Type II diabetes in Europe(B Jonsson Diabetologia, 2002 Springer) Goldberg, K. B. (2000) Risk factor CVD in diabetic patients modification for cardiac disease. New York The McGraw-Hill Companies JT Wright Jr, JG Douglas, M Rahma n(1998)Prevention of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients with normal renal function, onlineAvailable at <http//www. ciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0272638698003357 >(13/12/2011 1527) Gerald B. Phillips(2005)Is Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular distemper an Endocrinological Disorder? The Estrogen-Androgen Paradox, onlineAvailable at <http//jcem. endojournals. org/ core/90/5/2708. short> (13/12/2011 1538) ML Slattery, DR Jacobs Jr and MZ Nichaman (1989)Leisure date physical activity and coronary heart disease death. The US Railroad Study onlineAvailable at http//circ. ahajournals. org/content/79/2/304. short (13/12/2011 1538)The Ministry of Health. (2010) China cardiovascular disease report, 21th Oct onlineAvailable at http//www. moh. gov. cn/publicfiles/ credit line/ hypertext mark-up languagefiles/mohbgt/s6717/201109/52995. htm(13/12/2011 1539) world health organization report(2005) Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)not date onlineAvailable at http//www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index. html (13/12/2011 1541) Making connection Unit 1 reading 2 J Natl Cancer Inst, (1981) . The causes of cancer quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. onlineAvailable at<http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sites/entrez/7017215? dopt=Abstract& memory=f1000,f1000m,isrctn> (13/12/2011 1025) <<Core reading book>> Cancer In Developing World(2010). onlineAvailable at<http//www. globalhealth. org/view_top. php3? id=1056>(13/12/2011 1026) American Cancer Society,lnc. (2010),The Global Economic onlineAvailable at<http//www. globalhealth. org/images/pdf/2010_cancer_report. pdf> (13/12/2011 1034) Boyle/ P, and Levin, B. World Cancer Report (2008),

Influences That Effect Children and Young People’s Development Essay

(A)Background.Family DynamicsFamily dynamics stinker suck a positive effect on churls suppuration because the chela will feel settle and realize a positive input into their lives and good support to second them beat and achieve what they want to achieve, this has a positive effect on their behaviour to. If family dynamics ar negative then this lose a negative attain on their usings such as separate because the babe may be spending cartridge clip at various house and having one put forward missing so they will feel unsettled and non able to contract on things. They may also visit missing one of their p bents of relatives being in prison.P bent styles.Parents who think that education is non important book a negative input so they dont encourage their children to realise a good education here as a parent who has a good educations ants their child to get the best education and will encourage them to do more than(prenominal). Some parents lack the knowledge a nd dexterity to find better opportunities for their children so they dont al focussings get the best opportunities just parents with the knowledge and skills nookie give their child better opportunities to fortify. Also parents with a lack of ability will not be able to help their children with their homework as well as if those parents had a good education. Children whose parents see no interested in their moldment will suffer because they wont be addicted the support they need where as children whose parents take an interest in their development will develop more because they will be encourage to. Parents how have high expectations to achieve will push their childs abilities more.PovertyPoverty for children means that they will have a curt quality of life so they will not always have the best diet for them to develop. It has an effect on the childrens kind development because they may not be able to participate in clubs that their friends take part in such as swimming or brownies because their parents cant afford the extra money to fling them there. They may also feel singled out from their peers because their family cant afford fashionable clothes worry the latest trainers or toys that theirfriends have. Poor communities have lower aspirations than those in a richer community and the child may not be prone the motivation to achieve higher. Poverty can be good for development in where they stand in the family because they will do more activities as a family. enculturation/religion.Culture and religion can have a negative and positive affect on a childs development. It can have a positive affect because different cultures have a spacious extended family and a good support network so the child can get scores of different support and different advice not just from one person so they will develop a broader way of thinking. It different cultures children will have a wider stimulating environment such as books and art so that they gain more excited , social and intellectual development and experiences.Culture and religion can also have negative affects to a childs development because they may not incorporate with other the great unwashed outside of their community or culture. They may not get the experiences of other cultures so their social confidence outside of their culture may be poor. Children from different culture may have different views to what kind of behavioural is takeable in different slips such a poor empathy to situation that they feel in their culture isnt such a big deal or that it is a bigger deal than other people think.(B)HealthSleep & dietLack of sleep can affect a child intellectual development because if they are tired they may not be to concentrate as much as they should or for as long as if they had the right amount of sleep. If a child has enough sleep they can participate more in material activities and will have the ability to concentrate longer. Poor diet can cause a child to become ghost and unhealthy because they will not get the victims they need for energy and concentration. This will also affect their material development because we need a healthy diet in order to grow.Poor health and deterrent will affect a childs social and emotional development because they may not beable to do things that their friends can do and not feeling included. Disability can have a positive affect for other children who are friends with a disabled child because they grow empathy and to accept their disability, not just point and stare when they see a disabled person. It also helps the disabled child to feel included with their peers. It also helps the children to take aim to care for each other.(C)EnvironmentOpportunities for education and Learning.It is important that children get a lot of opportities for education and learning so they can development social and emotional skills to use with life. Children how receive poor opportunities to for an education and learning will not dev elop as well as child who did because they are not getting the experience and knowledge they need. If a child has good opportunities to learn them to learn then they will have better delivery skills to communicate with other people in often of different social circumstance. They may realise that they have a talent for something such a music or sport and have aspiration to develop this into a career later in life but if they are not given this opportunity they will not have the happening to develop this skill.Play and Stimulation.It is important that a child get stimulation so they have more opportunities to learn and thrive in social setting and intellect. Interest and action from parents will motivate them to learn and experience different situation developing their social skills. Children learn from play and develop physical skills such a gross and fine motors skills. They learn how to talk and interactive with people. Unstimulating environment and a neutrality from parent w ill have negative affect because the children will not have the motivation to learn and develop their skills.Language and interactionIt is important for a childs development that children get lots of opportunity for language and interaction so that they have strong social networks and they can thrive socially. hazard for different language has a good impact of their intellectual development because they experience different setting and language so that can learn different words and opinions. To have a wide experience of language is good because their confidence will improve when they communicate with different people. Bad opportunities to experience different language an interaction can stop a childs social and emotional development because they are not given the chance to hear different language. They will lack the ability to develop their imagination and views.Opportunities to be active.It is important that children have the opportunity to be active so they can develop physically . They will be healthy and be motivated to do things. If a child is not given the opportunity to be active then they wont be able to develop their physical skills and will be unhealthy. Also by given the opportunity to be active such as play outside they will be making friends and this will help them to develop their social and emotional skills.Describe with examples the importance or recognising and responding to concerns about children and little peoples development .Speech and languageIf a child or young person does not talk to anyone or even whole speaks a few words compared to others, this may cause concern. This would socially affect the child or young persons because they would find it hard to make friends, work in groups or even interact with adults. It would also affect their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions etc. Early intervention would be the best way to respond to this co ncern, the first step would be to have the child or young persons hearing checked because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will notwant to communicate with others in case they get something wrong.Poor course session and writing.If a child or young person has difficulties with their schooling and writing it may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and start to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall back end his peers of the same age. They may find it difficult to interact or make friends with others who are more groundbreaking than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would struggle with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their memory and even their concentration.Recognition is very important because if a child go behind with their work then all areas of their development may be affected. For example, if a child was playing on their own in the playground, for more than a few days in a row. This can affect a childs social and intellectual development. Socially, a child wouldnt be playing with children their own age and this can cause them to have no confidence in socializing in the future. They may be affected intellectually due to not being able to socialize and play in the playground with their peers, because of this they may not feel comfortable working with them in class. Therefore, if they are not working together in a group then they may not learn the same as everyone else, or not at the same pace.Responding to a concern like this has to be done in a professional manner, this means that you should not talk to the parent/carer or the child. You would have to make a note of exactly what was seen or he ard, why it was a concern to you and the date and time must be recorded to back up your evidence. Then you need to approach the class teacher with your concern. If the teacher disregards your opinion because they are already aware of the situation, you still need to report it as it is your duty to discover the cause and seek help. Once it is reported, the correct personcan help the child suitably to solve the issue correctly and get the child back on track. If a childs problem goes without being noticed then they will be affected in many areas of development.