The Overcoat

Meanings and indetermination in Gogols The Over covering Author(s) Victor Brombert Reviewed work(s) Source Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 135, No. 4 (Dec. , 1991), pp. 569-575 produce by American Philosophical Society Stable URL http//www. jstor. org/stable/986817 . Accessed 25/01/2012 0409 Your use of the JSTOR memorandum indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http//www. jstor. org/page/info/ around/policies/terms. sp JSTOR is a non-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and public figure upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use randomness technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For to a greater extent information ab come out of the closet JSTOR, invocationse clash emailprotected org. American Philosophical Society is col cranchating sense of humourh JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Pro ceedings of the American Philosophical Society. http//www. jstor. org indeterminacy Meanings and in Gogols The Overcoat*VICTOR BROMBERT Henry Putnam University Professorof Romilitary personnelceand ComparativeLiterature Princeton University kaky Akakyevich is the central char shamerof Gogols story TheOvercoat. Although Dostoyevsky gave common currency to the term antihero in Notes from Underground,it is Gogols Akaky Akakyevich who is the genuine, unmitigated, and seemingly unredeemable antihero. For Dostoyevskys anti-heroic paradoxalist, afflicted with hypertrophia of the consciousness, is soundly- need, cerebral, incurably bookish, and lambastative.Akaky Akakyevich is hardly aware, and to the highest degree in express. Gogols artistic wager was to try to articulate this inarticulateness. The story, in its plot line, is simple. A most unremarkable write clerk in a St. Petersburg ministry-bald, pockmarked, short-sighted, and the whipping boy of his colleagues who invent cruel wa ys of mocking himdiscovers whizz day that his pathetically threadbare coat no longer protects him against the fierce winter wind. The make out he consults categorically refuses to repair the coat which is now beyond repair, and empts Akaky Akakyevich into having a new overcoat made, one totally beyond his means, but which by dint of enormous sacrifices, he manages to acquire and wear with a newly discovered sense of pride. But his happiness lasts lonesome(prenominal) one short day. Crossing a deserted quarter at night, he is attacked by two thieves who buffet him to the ground and steal his coat. Drenched, frozen, deeply upset, brutally reprimanded by a superior whose help he dared seek, Akaky develops a fever, becomes delirious, and dies. One can hardly deliver of an interesting plot line.Yet this simple story lends itself to orgies of interpretations. In f procedure, there may be as many interpretations as there are readers. The Overcoatcan be read as a parable, a hermeneutic puzzle, an exercise in meaninglessness. But to begin with, there is the lure to read it seriously as satire with a social and * Read 9 November 1990. PROCEEDINGS OF THE American PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. 135, NO. 4, 1991 569 570 VICTOR BROMBERT moral message. In The Nose, Gogol had already made fun of the rankconsciousness and venality of civil servants.In The Overcoat, he seems to deride systematically the parasitical, lazy, phony, world of Russian officialdom, whose members are the impotent mediators of a hierarchy of sleeveless power structure in which every subordinate fears and apes his superior. Early Russian critics, convinced that literature essential turn out a moral message, read such a denunciatory and corrective satirical spirit into the story even though it is clear that Gogol constantly shifts his tone, defends no apparent norm, and systematically ironizes any assertable serious message.There is of course the temptation to read The Overcoatas a tale of compas sion, as a plea for br otherhood. The pathetically defenseless little clerk, taunted and persecuted by the group, remains delightfully oblivious to the cruel pranks of which he is the butt, aspiration on his humble copying lickivity. Only when the jokes become too outrageous, or interfere with his work, does he avow ever so mildly. But here the tone of the story seems to change.For Gogol introduces a young man, recently prescribed to the uniform office, who is on the point of sharing in the general fun, and who is emergently struck by the contrary nones in Akakys voice which touch his heart with pity and make him suddenly see everything in a very diametric light. A true revelation emanating from an unnatural (neestestvennyi) power allows him to hear other spoken language behind Akakys well-worn entreaty to be left alone. What he hears are the deeply penetrating, unspoken linguistic process echoing with poignant significance I am thy brother. And with this voice from behi nd the voice comes the shocked cognizance of how ofttimes inhumanity there is in human beings, how much brutality lurks in what goes as fine-tune society and civilized behavior. The apparent lesson in humanity given by the scapegoat victim seems, in the immediate con school text, to have an almost religious character, e sparely if one relates it to the fabricators comments, after Akakys death, on how a man of meekness who bore the sneers and insults of his fellow human beings unthawed from this world, but who, before his agony, had a vision of the bright visitor (svetluy gost).The man of meekness, the man of sorrows, like the unspoken but clearly heard I am thy brother, seems to have a Christian, if non Christological, resonance. But we forget Akakys name, and that we are not allowed to do. For the patronymic appellation not only stresses the principle of repetition (Akakys first name being exactly the same as his fathers), but the strange sound repetition is even funnier be cause the syllable kak = like (tak kak = just as) embeds the principle of sameness in Akakys name, determining, it would seem, his single-minded, life-long activity of copying and implicit condemnation to sameness.Regarding the many years Akaky served in the same department, Gogol observes that he remained in exactly the same place, in exactly the same position, in exactly the same job, doing exactly the same kind of work, to wit copying official documents. But there is better (or worse) especially to Russian ears, for kakatj GOGOLS THE OVERCOAT 571 (from the Greek cacos = bad, evil) is childrens talk for defecate, and caca in many languages refers to human excrement.To be afflicted with such a name clearly relates to the dribble being regularly dumped on Akaky as he walks in the street, and to his being treated with no more respect by the caretakers than a common fly. The cruel verbal fun around the syllable kak extends beyond the characters name, and contaminates Gogols text. Go gol indulges in seemingly endless variations on the words tak, kak,kakoi,kakoi-to,kakikh-to,vot-kak,neekak,takoi, takaya,kaknibut, (just so, thats how, in no way, somehow, and so on) which in the translation disappear altogether.The exploitations of sound effects or sound meanings clearly correspond to a poets fascination with the prestigious cackly resources of ordinary speech. 1 One last point about the choice of Akakys name, specifically the Christian act of christening according to custom, the calendar was opened at random and several saints names (Mokkia, Sossia), including the name of the diseased person Khozdazat, were considered, only to be rejected by the mother because they sounded so strange. Akaky was chosen because that was the name of the father.But Acacius, a holy monk of Sinai, was also a saint and martyr, and we find ourselves-especially since the Greek prefix a (Acacius) signifies not bad, therefrom good, meek, humble, obedient-back to the religious motif. If Aka ky continues to copy for his ingest pleasure at home, this is in large part because the bliss of copying has a specifically monastic resonance. Gogol does indeed refer to his copying as a labor of love. Here a new temptation assails the reader. Should The Overcoatnot be read as hagiography in a banal modern context, or at the very least as a parody of hagiography?A return of elements seem to lend support to such a reading of the story in or against the horizon of the traditional lives of the saints the humble task of copying documents, reference to the theme of the martyr (muchenik),salvational terminology, sacrificial motifs or chewing (I am thy brother), Akakys visions and ecstasies, his profess apparitions from beyond the grave. But the most telling analogy with hagiographic intelligence is the conversion-effect on others, first on the young man who has a revelation of a voice that is not of this world (svet), and toward the end he self-admiring, domineering, Very Importan t Person on whom Akakys ghost-like apparition makes a neverto-be-forgotten impression. 2 The overcoat itself can take on religious connotations because clothing, in the symbolism of the Bible and orthodox liturgy, frequently represents righteousness and salvation. The only trouble with such an interpretation-and Gogol has written Meditations on the Divine Liturgy which 1 Boris Eichenbaum speaks of Gogols phonic inscriptions and sound-semantics in How The Overcoat is Made, in Gogol from the ordinal Century, ed.Robert A. Maguire, Princeton University Press, 1974, p. 280. 2 See John Schillinger, Gogols The Overcoatas a Travesty of Hagiography, Slavic and atomic number 99 EuropeanJournal, Spring 1972, 16, 1 36-41. 572 VICTOR BROMBERT refer to the priests robe of righteousness as a garment of salvation3-is that the coat can have an opposite symbolic significance, that of hiding the truth. Hence the traditional image of disrobing to reveal the defenseless self.In addition, there are many other possible meanings quite remote from the religious theater of operations the metonymic displacement of the libido (the Russian word for overcoat- shinel- is appropriately feminine), the effects of virilization (in his new coat, Akaky surprises himself in the act of running after some woman in the street ), loss of innocence and loss of airplane pilot celibacy. 4 The coat itself thus turns out to be a form of temptation (material acquisition, vanity, pride), and the devilish tailor is the agent of this temptation just as the writer or narrator (who in fact is he? tempts the reader into a succession of vacuous and mutually canceling interpretations. This provocative writer-reader relationship, sustained throughout the narration, casts a special light on Akakys fundamental activity of copying- the act of writing in its purest form. It does not take much imagination (our modern critics discover self-referentiality everywhere) to see in Akakys copying an analogue of the writ ers activity. And like the proverbially inattentive writer or scholar, he is obsessed by his writing to the point of finding himself in the center of the street small-arm thinking that he is in the middle of a convict.This self-absorbed and selfreferential nature of Gogols act of writing might be seen to imply a negative attitude toward the referential world, toward all that which is not writing. Much like Flaubert, who dreamt of composing a book about nothing, and whom contemporary critics like to view as an apostle of self-referential, intransitive literature, Gogol yearns for monastic withdrawal. Flaubert was haunted by the figures of the monk and the saint. Similarly, Gogol explained in a letter It is not the poets lineage to worm his way into the worlds marketplace.Like a silent monk, he lives in the world without belonging to it . . . 5 Pushed to a logical extreme, this sense of the radical deceptiveness of life calls into question worldly authority, and leads to a destab ilizing berth that challenges the principle of authority, a subversive gesta of which the real hero is the artist himself. There is indeed something devilish about Gogols narrative voice. It has already been suggested that the devil makes an appearance in the figure of the tailor who tempts Akaky into buying the coat.This caricature of the sartorial artist who quite literally is the creator of the overcoat, this ex-serf sitting with his legs crossed under him like a Turkish pasha, has diabolical earmarks he is a one-eyed devil living at the end of a blackness staircase he has a de3 See Anthony Hippisley, Gogols The OvercoatA further Interpretation, Slavic and East EuropeanJournal, Summer, 1976, 20, 2 121-129. Hippisley points out (p. 123) that Gogol, in his Meditations on the Divine Liturgy quotes Psalms 1329 Let thy priests be clothed with righteousness .. 4 The expression is Charles Bernheimers, in his fine essay Cloaking the Self The Literary Space of Gogols Overcoat, PMLA, Ja nuary 1975, 90, 1 53-61. 5 Letter to Pogodin, quoted by Charles Bernheimer (op. cit. , p. 53) and Donald Fanger, The Creationof Nikolai Gogol, Harvard University Press, 1979. GOGOLS THE OVERCOAT 573 formed big toenail, hard and thick as a tortoise subject he handles a thricereferred-to snuff box on which the face of a general has been effaced (the devil is anonymous) he seems to be nudged by the devil and charges the devil knows what prices. 6 This verbal playfulness seems to extend to the narrator himself, who undercuts his own narration in truly diabolical fashion by means of grotesque hyperbolizing, mixtures of realistic and parodistic elements, sudden shifts from the rational to the irrational, and elliptical displacements from epic triviality to unrestrained fantasy. Indulging in a game of mirages and fog-like uncertainties, the narrator subverts the logical progression of his story.Ultimately, even the ghost is debunked, and we are back in the blackness of quotidian reality. In the Russian text, these shifts in tone and textual instabilities are even more insidious, since everything seems to blur into the undifferentiated lean of seemingly endless paragraphs. This merging of discontinuities undermines any sense of plot, undercuts the notion of subject, and suggests at every point that what is told is other story, thereby teasing the reader into endless interpretations that can neither be stabilized nor stopped.Some of this is the fatal result of a mimesis of inarticulateness, a narrative style that is the imitative substitute for Akakys manner of communicating loosely through prepositions, adverbs, and such parts of speech as have no meaning whatsoever. But the outline of destabilization and fragmented diction also has a deeper subversive purpose. The non sequiturs and hesitations reveal the arbitrariness of any fancied structure, and in the last analysis subvert any auctorial authority.The concluding page of The Nose represents an authorial cri tique of the story as incomprehensible and useless. The mediating self-negator is the fictionalized narrator identified in The Overcoat as the raskazyvaiushyi-the narrating one. And this narrator, from time to time pretending to be ignorant or semi-ignorant (like Cervantess narrative voice as of the very first sentence of Don Quixote) does not know in what town, on what day, on what street the action takes placein fact, complains of loss of memory. either this, however, only accentuates the possible importance of the unknowable and the unsayable, while protecting the protagonists sacred privacy. The narrator clumsily speculates on what Akaky might or might not have said to himself as he stares at an sexy window display in the elegant quarter of St. Petersburg, and he concludes But perhaps he never even said anything at all to himself. For it is impossible to delve into a persons mind in Russian, literally to quail into a persons soul. The Overcoat is thus marked by conflicting an d enigmatic signals, pointing to oxymoronic textures of meanings. Inversions hint at conver6 Dmitry Chizhevsky, who stresses the social movement of the Devil in The Overcoat,writes As someone who was well read in religious literature, as a connoisseur and collector of folklore materials-from popular songs and legends-Gogol of course knew about the Christian and folk tradition that the Devil is faceless (About Gogols Overcoat, in Gogol from the Twentieth Century, p. 20). 574 VICTOR BROMBERT sions. What is seemingly up is in fact seen to be down, while the reverse is equally true. The downtrodden creature turns out to be capable of heroic sacrifices, while the powerfully conventional VIP with the appearance of a bogatyr(hero) is cut down to human size by fright. On the other hand, when Akakys fall is likened to a disaster such as destroys the czars and other great ones of this earth, one may well feel that Gogol is ironic about all heroic poses, heroic values, and heroic figures.When Akaky wears the new coat, his pulse beats faster, his bearing seems to indicate a newly discovered sense of purpose (tzel), his eyes have an intrepid gleam, he appears somehow to have almost become virile. Yet the overcoat is also the emblem of stupid values, of trivial passion, of a silly reason for a human downfall. One might wish therefore to read a deeper significance into these mutually canceling interpretations. In English, the word passion is fraught with a quaternate significance in the ordinary sense, it denotes intense and even overwhelming emotion, especially of love yet etymologically, it signifies suffering. spot and suffering are of course linked in a grotesque manner in The Overcoat. Whether such love and such suffering are commensurate with any objective reality remains heart-to-heart in this story which seems to say that any love is great no matter what its object, that love is almighty and conversely, that any passion can drag one down, that the more intense it seems, the emptier it is. Gogols style is in itself an admirable instrument of ambivalence enlarging trivia, and thereby trivializing what we may for a moment be tempted to take as significant. What complicates Gogols text for the reader is that it is not a case of simple ambivalence. It will not do to praise Gogol as a compassionate realist with an ethical message or to see him as a playful anti-realist lenience in overwrought imagery and in the reflections of distorting mirrors. The hard fact is that Gogol is a protean writer whose simultaneousness of possible meanings allows for no respite and no comfortable univocal message.If the narrator is center stage, it is because ultimately he becomes a performer, a buffoonish actor mimicking incoherence itself. Intelligent readers of Gogol-Boris Eichenbaum, Vladimir Nabokov, Victor Erlich, Charles Bernheimer, Donald Fanger8-have in varying degrees and with different emphases, understood that rather than indulging in a feast of ideas to be taken seriously, Gogol delighted in verbal acts as a game-a game that implied the autonomy of narrative style, a declaration of artistic independence, and a thorough deflation of lesprit de serieux. I am largely indebted to Dmitry Chizhevsky who has admirably shown how the repeated and incongruous use of the adverb even (daje) breaks up the logical train of thoughts, enlarges trivia, and frustrates the reader by making the insignificant seem significant, and vice versa. much(prenominal) a narrative strategy is related by Chizhevsky to the semantic oscillations of the text (About Gogols Overcoat, in Gogol from the Twentieth Century, pp. 295-322). 8 Boris Eichenbaum, op. cit. Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol, New Directions, 1944 Victor Erlich, Gogol, Yale University Press, 1969 Charles Bernheimer, op. cit. Donald Fanger, op. cit. GOGOLS THE OVERCOAT 575 Perhaps there is an underlying autobiographic urge in The Overcoat, and the verbal clowning and narrative pirouettes are tel ling a story in which the irrational takes on an exorcising and liberating virtue-much as the idiosyncrasies of Dostoyevskys Notes from Undergroundpresent a vehement protest against spiritually deadening rationality. What is certain is that Gogol needs to wear a mask.Haunted by the monsters born of his imagination, afraid to be unmasked, Gogol literally disappears in his writing by seemly a multiplicity of voices. 9 But there is a danger in depicting Gogol as an escape artist struggling against his own demons at the same time as he struggles against the repressive reality he wishes to deny. Similarly, there is the risk of considerable distortion in the determination of formalist and post-structuralist critics to draw Gogol to the multitude of radical modernity by seeing him exclusively concerned with speech acts and sheer rhetoricity.Polyvalence does not mean the absence of meaning. The real problem, much as in the case of Flaubert, who complained of the plethora of subjects and i nflationary overfill of meanings, is that over-abundance and multiplicity become principles of indeterminacy. Excess is related to emptiness. Similarly, Gogol seems torn among the futility of experience and the futility of writing about it, between the conviction that writing is the only salvation, and that it is powerless to say the unsayable-aware at all points of the gulf between strain and signified.Nabokov may have come closest to the heart of Gogols dark playfulness when he wrote The gaps and black holes in the texture of Gogols style imply flaws in the texture of life itself. . 10 To this one might add, however, that the faithlessness of the gaps, the terrifying absence, is also an absence/presence a void that asks to be filled by the interpretative act. The dialectics of negativity, so dependent on the antiheroic mode embodied by Akaky, displace the production of meaning from the almost non-existent character and undecidable text to the creative reader. Victor Erlich has very convincingly discussed Gogols motif of the mask and tendency to speak in somebody elses voice in his chapter The Great Impersonator in Gogol, op. cit. , pp. 210-223. Gogol himself writes If anyone had seen the monsters that issued from my pen, at first for my own purposes alone-he would certainly have shuddered (quoted by Valery Bryusov in his essay Burnt to Ashes, reproduced in Gogolfrom the Twentieth Century, p. 111). 10Vladimir Nabokov, Nikolai Gogol, op. cit. , p. 143.

Ccna

local argona interlock exchange and Wireless CCNA geographic expedition laboratorys and take aim pass off local atomic number 18a net draw Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Companion hold local area network Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and orbit send is intentional to help you learn about and consecrate your acquaintance of the LAN geological fault and wireless topics from Version 4 of the lake herring electronic networking honorary society CCNA Exploration curriculum. wholly(prenominal) chapter contains a m physical exercise Guide partinging and a Labs and Activities prick. ISBN-10 1-58713-207-9 ISBN-13 978-158713-207-0 shoot GuideThe dozens of exercises in this accommodigital audiotapee help you learn the concepts and mannikins crucial to your success as a CCNA mental testing reardidate. Each chapter is slightly different and includes matching, multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, and open-ended questions designed to help you Re bewitch vocabulary Streng so troubleshooting skills kick upstairs abidance skills Reinforce concepts Research topics member tracer ActivitiesThis icon identifies exercises interspersed by dint of with(predicate)out the Study Guide section where you can practice or visualize a specific task victimization mail boat tracer bullet, a powerful network simulation program authentic by cisco. packet boat tracer bullet practise Labs and Activities The Labs and Activities sections begin with a Command Reference t adequate to(p) and include separately(prenominal) the online curriculum labs to ensure that you set about mastered the practicable skills needed to succeed in this ancestry. Hands-On LabsThis icon identifies the hands-on labs created for each chapter. Work through and through whole the prefatory, repugn, and Troubleshooting labs as provided to gain a deep understanding of CCNA knowledge and skills to ultimately succeed on the CCNA credentials Exam. big m aney tracer bullet CompanionThis icon identifies the companion activities that correspond to each hands-on lab.You engagement software package tracer bullet to complete a simulation of the hands-on lab. share Tracer Companion Companion compact disc read-only memory The CD-ROM provides all the piece of land Tracer Activity, software program Tracer Companion, and Packet Tracer repugn commits that are referenced passim the book as indicated by the icons. These files work with Packet Tracer v4. 1 software, which is achievemental through the Academy Connection website. involve your instructor for vex to the Packet Tracer software. This book is part of the Cisco Networking Academy Series from Cisco Press. word of honors in this series sup behavior and complement theCisco Networking Academy curriculum. ciscopress. com Packet Tracer Skills integrating gainsayEach chapter concludes with a culminating activity called the Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge. These challenging activities enquire you to pull together several skills learned from the chapter as well as precedent chapters and stylesto successfully complete one and only(a) comprehensive exercise. Packet Tracer Challenge Allan Johnson works full conviction develo bump curriculum for Cisco Networking Academy. Allan also is a part-time instructor at Del Mar College in Corpus Christi, Texas.LAN Switching and Wireless CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide make intent of this book with ISBN-13 978-1-58713-202-5 ISBN-10 1-58713-202-8 90000 9 781587 132025 Cisco Press L AN Switching and Wireless CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Allan Johnson 00_2028_fm. qxp ii 4/3/08 508 PM Page ii LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide LAN Switching and Wireless CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Allan Johnson Copyright 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. Publisher Paul Boger buster Publisher Dave Dusthimer Cisco Representative Anthony Wolfenden Published by Cisco Press 00 East 96th S treet Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA Cisco Press Program Manager Jeff Brady All rights reserved. No part of this book whitethorn be reproduced or transmitted in whatever form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo reduplicateing, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, save for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review. Production Manager Patrick Kanouse Printed in the United States of America of age(p) Project editor in chief Tonya Simpson First Printing April 2008 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataJohnson, Allan, 1962LAN permutation and wireless CCNA geographic expedition labs and study guide / Allan Johnson. p. cm. ISBN-13 978-1-58713-202-5 (pbk. ) ISBN-10 1-58713-202-8 (pbk. ) 1. Wireless LANsExaminationsStudy guides. 2. Packet renewalingExaminationsStudy guides. 3. Telecommunications engineersCertificationExaminationsStudy guides. 4. Routing (Computer network manag ement)ExaminationsStudy guides. 5. TelecommunicationSwitching systems ExaminationsStudy guides. I. Title. TK5105. 78. J64 2008 004. 68dc22 2008014858 ISBN-13 978-1-58713-202-5 ISBN-10 1-58713-202-8 Executive Editor Mary Beth RayDevelopment Editor Andrew Cupp Copy Editor Bill McManus Technical Editors Bruce R. Gottwig Khalid Rubayi Tara Skibar Linda C. Watson Editorial Assistant Vanessa Evans harbour and Cover Designer Louisa Adair Composition signaling Shirar Proofreader Leslie Joseph 00_2028_fm. qxp 4/3/08 508 PM Page xvii xvii Introduction The Cisco Networking Academy is a comprehensive e-learning program that provides students with Internet technology skills. A Networking Academy delivers web- ground content, online assessment, student death penalty tracking, and hands-on labs to prepare students for industry-standard certifications.The CCNA curriculum includes four courses oriented around the topics on the Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification. LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide is a supplement to your classroom and science laboratory experience with the Cisco Networking Academy. In order to be successful on the examination and achieve your CCNA certification, you should do everything in your power to arm yourself with a variety of tools and training materials to support your learning efforts. This Labs and Study Guide is just such a collection of tools.Used to its fullest extent, it will help you gain the knowledge and practice the skills associated with the content area of the CCNA Exploration LAN Switching and Wireless course. Specifically, this book will help you work on these main areas LAN design principles and concepts Ethernet operation with switches basic switch configuration and security VLAN concepts and configuration VTP concepts and configuration STP, RSTP, and rapid PVST+ concepts and configuration Inter-VLAN routing concepts and configuration LAN wireless concepts and security is sues LAN wireless configuration using Linksys WRT300N routers Troubleshooting LAN switching and wireless configurations Labs and Study Guides similar to this one are also in stock(predicate) for the otherwise three courses Network Fundamentals, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide, Routing Protocols and Concepts, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide, and Accessing the WAN, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide. Audience for This Book This books main audience is anyone taking the CCNA Exploration LAN Switching and Wireless course of the Cisco Networking Academy curriculum.Many Academies use this book as a inevitable tool in the course, spell other Academies recommend the Labs and Study Guides as an additional source of study and practice materials. The secondary audiences for this book include people taking CCNA-related classes from professional training organizations. This book can also be use for college- and university-level networking courses, as well as anyone wanting to gain a detailed understanding of basic switching and wireless technologies. 00_2028_fm. qxp xviii 4/3/08 508 PM Page xviii LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Goals and MethodsThe most important goal of this book is to help you pass the CCNA exam (640-802). Passing this foundation exam means that you not only have the required knowledge of the technologies teetotum by the exam, but that you can plan, design, implement, operate, and troubleshoot these technologies. In other words, these exams are rigorously application based. You can view the exam topics any time at http//www. cisco. com/go/certifications. The topics are divided into eight categories Describe how a network works Configure, verify, and troubleshoot a switch with VLANs and inter-switch communications Implement an IP addressing scheme and IP service to meet network requirements in a medium-sized enterprise disunite office network Configure, verify, and troubleshoot basic router operati on and routing on Cisco devices Explain and select the appropriate administrative tasks required for a WLAN nominate security threats to a network and describe public methods to mitigate those threats Implement, verify, and troubleshoot NAT and ACLs in a medium-sized enterprise branch office network Implement and verify WAN links The LAN Switching and Wireless course contractes on the second, fifth, and sixth bullets.The Study Guide portion of each chapter offers exercises that help you learn the LAN switching and wireless concepts as well as the configurations crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. Each chapter is slightly different and includes some or all of the following types of exercises Skill-building activities and scenarios bod scenarios Concept questions Packet Tracer Activity Vocabulary matching and completion Internet research In the configuration chapters, youll find galore(postnominal) Packet Tracer Activities that work with the Cisco Packet Tr acer tool.Packet Tracer allows you to create networks, visualize how packets combine in the network, and use basic testing tools to determine whether the network would work. When you take hold of this icon, you can use Packet Tracer with the totaled file to perform a task suggested in this book. The activity files are available in this books CD-ROM Packet Tracer software, however, is available through the Academy Connection website. Ask your instructor for ingress to Packet Tracer. The Labs and Activities portion of each chapter includes a Command Reference table, all the online course Labs, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge Activity.The Curriculum Labs are divided into three categories Basic The Basic Labs are procedural in nature and assume you have no experience configuring the technologies that are the topic of the lab. Challenge The Challenge Labs are implementation in nature and assume you have a firm enough grasp on the technologies to go it alone. Thes e labs often only give you a general requirement that you must(prenominal) implement fully without the details of each small step. In other words, you must use the knowledge and skills you gained in the chapter text, activities, and Basic Lab to successfully complete the Challenge Labs.Avoid the temptation to work through 00_2028_fm. qxp 4/3/08 508 PM Page xix xix the Challenge Lab by flip criticise back through the Basic Lab when you are not sure of a prevail. Do not try to short-circuit your CCNA training. You need a deep understanding CCNA knowledge and skills to ultimately be successful on the CCNA exam. Troubleshooting The Troubleshooting Labs will ask you to fix a broken network. These labs include corrupted scripts you purposefully load onto the routers. Then you use troubleshooting techniques to isolate problems and implement a solution.By the end of the lab, you should have a operational network with full end-to-end connectivity. Packet Tracer Companion Most of the hand s-on labs include Packet Tracer Companion Activities where you can use Packet Tracer to complete a simulation of the lab. Packet Tracer Challenge Each chapter also includes a culminating activity called the Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge. These activities require you to pull together several skills learned from the chapter and from previous chapters and coursesto successfully complete one comprehensive exercise. A Word About Packet TracerPacket Tracer is a self-paced, visual, interactive teaching and learning tool developed by Cisco. Lab activities are an important part of networking education. However, lab equipment can be a scrimpy resource. Packet Tracer provides a visual simulation of equipment and network processes to offset the challenge of limited equipment. Students can spend as much time as they like completing standard lab exercises through Packet Tracer, and have the option to work from home. Although Packet Tracer is not a substitute for received equipment, it allows students to practice using a command-line embrasure.This e-doing capability is a fundamental component of learning how to piece routers and switches from the command line. Packet Tracer v4. x is available only to Cisco Networking Academies through the Academy Connection website. How This Book Is Organized Because the content of LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide and the online curriculum is sequential, you should work through this Labs and Study Guide in order beginning with Chapter 1. The book covers the major topic headings in the aforesaid(prenominal) sequence as the online curriculum for the CCNA Exploration LAN Switching and Wireless course.This book has seven chapters, with the analogous numbers and names as the online course chapters. If necessary, a chapter uses a single topology for the exercises in the Study Guide portion. The single topology per chapter allows for better continuity and easier understanding of switching commands, op erations, and outputs. However, the topology is different from the one used in the online curriculum and the Companion Guide. A different topology affords you the opportunity to practice your knowledge and skills without just simply recording the information you find in the text. Chapter 1, LAN Design The exercises in the Study Guide portion focus on LAN design concepts, including vocabulary and the three-layer hierarchical mannerl. The Labs and Activities portion includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 2, Basic Switch Concepts and Configuration The exercises in the Study Guide portion help you understand basic Ethernet and switching concepts, including building the MAC address table and collision and broadcast domains. Then, the Packet Tracer exercises 00_2028_fm. qxp xx 4/3/08 508 PMPage xx LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide cover, in detail, how to configure a switch, including basic switch management and configuring switch security. The Labs and Activities portion includes two Basic Labs, a Challenge Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 3, VLANs The exercises in the Study Guide portion focus on the concepts of VLANs, including benefits of VLANs and types of VLANs. The exercises then cover VLAN consistenceing concepts before moving into a section devoted(p) to a VLAN and trunk configuration Packet Tracer exercise.The Labs and Activities portion includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 4, VTP The exercises in the Study Guide portion are devoted to VTP concepts and configuration, including vocabulary, VTP modes, an Internet research exercise, and a VTP Packet Tracer exercise. The Labs and Activities portion includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 5, STP The exercises in the Study Guide portion focus on the concept of redundant LAN topologies, using STP and its variants to stop loops, and the commands to elude root bridge elections. The Labs and Activities portion of the chapter includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 6, Inter-VLAN Routing This short chapter focuses on how to configure interVLAN routing, including two Packet Tracer exercises.The Labs and Activities portion includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity. Chapter 7, Basic Wireless Concepts and Configuration The exercises in the Study Guide portion begin with wireless LAN concepts, including standards, operation, and security. The exercises then cover wireless configuration for LAN access using a Linksys WRT300N, including a Packet Tracer exercise. The Labs and Activities portion o f the chapter includes a Basic Lab, a Challenge Lab, a Troubleshooting Lab, and a Packet Tracer Skills Integration Challenge activity.About the CD-ROM Packet Tracer Activity The CD-ROM included with this book has all the Packet Tracer Activity, Packet Tracer Companion, and Packet Tracer Challenge files that are referenced throughout the book, indicated by the Packet Tracer Activity, Packet Tracer Companion, and Packet Tracer Challenge icons. Packet Tracer Companion Updates to these files can be obtained from the website for this book at http//www. ciscopress. com/title/1587132028. The files will be updated to cover any subsequent releases of Packet Tracer. Packet Tracer Challenge About the Cisco Press Website for This BookCisco Press whitethorn provide additional content that can be accessed by memorializeing your individual book at the Ciscopress. com website. comely a member and registering is free, and you then gain access to exclusive deals on other resources from Cisco Press. To register this book, go to www. ciscopress. com/bookstore/register. asp and log into your throwaway or create a free account if you do not have one already. Then enter the ISBN located on the back cover of this book. After you register the book, it will appear on your Account page under Registered Products and you can access any online material from there. 6_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 239 CHAPTER 6 Inter-VL AN Routing straight off that you have a network with many different VLANs, the next question is, How do you permit devices on separate VLANs to communicate? The exercises in this chapter review the concepts of inter-VLAN routing and how it is used to permit devices on separate VLANs to communicate. The Study Guide portion of this chapter uses a combination of fill-in-the-blank, open-ended question, and Packet Tracer exercises to test your knowledge of inter-VLAN routing concepts and configurations.The Labs and Activities portion of this chapter includes all the onlin e curriculum labs to ensure that you have mastered the hands-on skills needed to understand inter-VLAN routing concepts and configuration. As you work through this chapter, use Chapter 6 in LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Companion Guide or use the corresponding Chapter 6 in the Exploration LAN Switching and Wireless online curriculum for assistance. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 240 4/3/08 510 PM Page 240 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Study Guide Inter-VLAN RoutingThe exercise in this section covers what inter-VLAN routing is and some of the different ways to accomplish inter-VLAN routing on a network. Inter-VLAN Routing Concepts workout Introducing Inter-VLAN Routing Define inter-VLAN routing Briefly explain traditional inter-VLAN routing Briefly explain router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing What are subinterfaces? larboards and Subinterfaces In class 6-1, PC1 and PC3 need connectivity between each other. However, each is on a different VLAN. Assume S1 is already configure for traditional inter-VLAN routing. In approximate 6-1, connect S1 and R1 and label the interfaces.Then record the commands to configure R1 with traditional interVLAN routing. Use the scratch line available IP addresses in each VLAN for the router interfaces. Figure 6-1 Traditional Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration R1 S1 10. 10. 10. 10 VLAN 10 PC1 VLAN 10 10. 10. 10. 0/24 VLAN 30 10. 10. 30. 0/24 PC3 10. 10. 30. 10 VLAN 30 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 241 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 241 In the following lines, record the commands to configure R1 with traditional inter-VLAN routing In Figure 6-2, PC1 and PC3 need connectivity between each other. However, each is on a different VLAN.Assume S1 is already configure for router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. In Figure 6-2, connect S1 and R1 and label the interfaces. Then record the commands to configure R1 with router-on-astick inter-VLAN routing. Use the first-year available IP addresses in each VLAN for the router interfaces. Figure 6-2 Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration R1 S1 10. 10. 10. 10 VLAN 10 PC1 VLAN 10 10. 10. 10. 0/24 VLAN 30 10. 10. 30. 0/24 PC3 10. 10. 30. 10 VLAN 30 In the following lines, record the commands to configure R1 with router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing pick up get across 6-1, which compares the characteristics of configuring traditional inter-VLAN routing with router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. Table 6-1 Comparing Traditional and Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing Characteristics Characteristic Traditional Router-on-a-Stick Physical interfaces Bandwidth Switch port configuration continues 06_2028_ch06. qxp 242 4/3/08 510 PM Page 242 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Table 6-1 Comparing Traditional and Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing Characteristics continued Characteristic Traditional Router-on-a-Stick ExpensePhysical complexity Configuring Inter-VLAN Routing The exercises in this sectio n cover how to configure inter-VLAN routing and review the commands to configure a switch to support inter-VLAN routing. Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Exercise Figure 6-3 raises two topologies. One topology is using traditional inter-VLAN routing and the other topology is using router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. The addressing for both(prenominal) topologies is shown in Table 6-2. For this exercise, you will not configure a separate management or autochthonal VLAN. Figure 6-3 Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Topology Traditional Inter-VLAN Routing Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing R1 R2 Fa0/0 Fa0/1 Fa0/0 Fa0/1 Fa0/2 Fa0/1 S1 Fa0/6 PC1 Fa0/6 VLAN 10 192. 168. 10. 0/24 VLAN 20 192. 168. 20. 0/24 192. 168. 10. 10 VLAN 10 Table 6-2 S2 Fa0/11 PC2 192. 168. 20. 10 VLAN 20 PC3 Fa0/11 VLAN 30 192. 168. 30. 0/24 VLAN 40 192. 168. 40. 0/24 192. 168. 30. 10 VLAN 30 PC4 192. 168. 40. 10 VLAN 40 Addressing Table for Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Exercise Device Interface IP Addres s Subnet Mask Default Gateway R1 Fa0/0 192. 168. 10. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1 192. 168. 20. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 PC1 NIC 192. 168. 10. 10 255. 255. 255. 0 192. 168. 10. 1 PC2 NIC 192. 168. 0. 10 255. 255. 255. 0 192. 168. 20. 10 R2 Fa0/0. 30 192. 168. 30. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/0. 40 192. 168. 40. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 PC3 NIC 192. 168. 30. 10 255. 255. 255. 0 192. 168. 30. 1 PC4 NIC 192. 168. 40. 10 255. 255. 255. 0 192. 168. 40. 1 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 243 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 243 read the commands, including the router prompt, to configure R1 for traditional inter-VLAN routing Enter the commands, including the switch prompt, to configure S1 to forward VLAN traffic. Assume the VLANs are already created in the VLAN entropybase. However, VLANs have not hitherto been assigned to any ports.Enter the commands, including the router prompt, to configure R2 for router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing Enter the commands, including the switch prompt, to configure S2 to forward VLAN traffic. Assume the VLANs are already created in the VLAN database. However, VLANs have not yet been assigned to any ports. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 244 4/3/08 510 PM Page 244 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Packet Tracer Activity Packet Tracer Exercise 6-1 Inter-VLAN Configuration Now you are ready to use Packet Tracer to apply your answers to the Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Exercise. Open file LSG03-0601. pka on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book to perform this exercise using Packet Tracer. Note The following instructions are also contained within the Packet Tracer Exercise. discipline Objectives Upon completion of this Packet Tracer Exercise, you will be able to Configure traditional inter-VLAN routing Configure router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing insist connectivity Save the Packet Tracer file Scenario In this exercise, you will practice configuring both traditional and router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. The routers and switches have a basic configuration.The passwords are cisco for user EXEC mode and class for privileged EXEC mode. Use your answers from the Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Exercise to complete the tasks. labor 1 Configure Traditional Inter-VLAN Routing rate 1. Configure R1 for traditional inter-VLAN routing. blackguard 2. Configure S1 to forward VLAN traffic. amount 3. Your completion percentage should be 53 percent. If not, andiron Check Results to see which required components are not yet completed. Task 2 Configure Router-on-a-Stick Inter-VLAN Routing Step 1. Configure R2 for router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. Step 2.Configure S2 to forward VLAN traffic. Step 3. Your completion percentage should be ampere-second percent. If not, click Check Results to see which required components are not yet completed. Task 3 Verify Connectivity PC1 should be able to ping PC2. PC3 should be able to ping PC4. Alternatively, you can click Check Results and then the Connectivity strain s tab. The status of both connectivity tests should be listed as Correct. Task 4 Save the Packet Tracer File Save your Packet Tracer file as LSG03-0601-end. pka. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 245 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 245 Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN RoutingThe exercises in this section explore common issues and troubleshooting methods to identify and conform problems in inter-VLAN routing implementations. Common Errors and Troubleshooting Tools Exercise Using the examples shown in the chapter, list at least six common errors in the inter-VLAN routing implementations. Switch Configuration Issues Router Configuration Issues IP Addressing Issues What are some useful commands you can use to isolate problems in an inter-VLAN routing network? Switch IOS Commands Router IOS Commands PC Commands Packet Tracer ActivityPacket Tracer Exercise 6-2 Troubleshooting Inter-VLAN Routing Now you are ready to use Packet Tracer to apply your knowledge of troubleshooting tech niques. Open file LSG03-0602. pka on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book to perform this exercise using Packet Tracer. Note The following instructions are also contained within the Packet Tracer Exercise. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 246 4/3/08 510 PM Page 246 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide learnedness Objectives Upon completion of this Packet Tracer Exercise, you will be able to Test connectivity between the PCs and the router Gather data on the problems Implement solutions and test connectivity Scenario In this exercise, you will practice troubleshooting both traditional and router-on-a-stick inter-VLAN routing. The routers, switches, and PCs are already configured and are using the IP addresses listed in Table 6-2. You cannot access the routers or switches directly. Instead, you must use the available condole with connections through the PCs. The passwords are cisco for user EXEC mode and class for privileged EXEC mode. Use connectivity tests and sho w commands to discover problems and troubleshoot the networks.The exercise is complete when you achieve 100 percent and the two PCs on each network can ping each other. Task 1 Configure Traditional Inter-VLAN Routing The following tests should be successful at the conclusion of this activity PC1 can ping R1. PC2 can ping R1. PC1 can ping PC2. PC3 can ping R2. PC4 can ping R2. PC3 can ping PC4. Each of these tests should fail on the first attempt. Task 2 Gather Data on the Problems Step 1. Verify the configuration on the PCs. atomic number 18 the following configurations for each PC align? Subnet mask Step 2. IP address Default gatewayVerify the configuration on the switches. Are the configurations on the switches correct? Be sure to verify the following bearings assigned to the correct VLANs Ports configured for the correct mode Ports connected to the correct device 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 247 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing Step 3. 247 Verify the configurat ion on the routers. Are the configurations on the routers correct? Be sure to verify the following Interface status Step 4. IP addresses Encapsulation and VLAN assignment enter the problems and suggest solutions. What are the reasons connectivity failed between the PCs?What are the solutions? There could be more(prenominal) than one problem and more than one solution. All solutions must conform to the topology plat in Figure 6-3 and the addressing in Table 6-2. List the problems, if any, and the solutions for the PCs List the problems, if any, and the solutions for the switches List the problems, if any, and the solutions for routers Task 3 Implement the Solution and Test Connectivity Step 1. draw and quarter changes according to the suggested solutions in Task 2. Note If you make changes to the switch configuration, you should make the changes in Realtime mode kind of than Simulation mode.This is necessary so that the switch port will proceed to the forwarding state. Step 2. Test connectivity between PCs and R1. If you change any IP configurations, you should create new pings because the prior pings use the old IP address PC1 should be able to ping R1. PC2 should be able to ping R1. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 248 4/3/08 510 PM Page 248 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide PC1 should be able to ping PC2. PC3 should be able to ping R2. PC4 should be able to ping R2. PC3 should be able to ping PC4. If any pings fail, return to Task 2 to continue troubleshooting.Step 3. Check results. Your completion percentage should be 100 percent. If not, return to Step 1 and continue to implement your suggested solutions. You will not be able to click Check Results and see which required components are not yet completed. However, you can click Check Results and then the Connectivity Tests tab. The status of all six connectivity tests should be listed as Correct. Task 4 Save the Packet Tracer File Save your Packet Tracer file as LSG03-0602-end . pka. 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 249 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 249 Labs and Activities Command ReferenceIn Table 6-3, record the command, including the correct prompt, that fits the description. Fill in any blanks with the appropriate missing information. Table 6-3 Commands for Inter-VLAN Routing Configuration Command Description Creates a subinterface numbered 10 on the router for Fa0/0 Specifies IEEE 801. 1Q as the VLAN tagging method for VLAN 10 on this subinterface Lab 6-1 Basic Inter-VLAN Routing (6. 4. 1) Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to Cable a network according to the topology diagram in Figure 6-4 construct configurations and reload a switch and a router to the default state Perform basic configuration tasks on a switched LAN and router Configure VLANs and VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) on all switches Demonstrate and explain the impact of form 3 boundaries imposed by creating VLANs Configure a router to support 802. 1Q trunking on a Fast Ethernet interface Configure a router with subinterfaces corresponding to the configured VLANs Demonstrate and explain inter-VLAN routing 06_2028_ch06. qxp 250 4/3/08 510 PM Page 250 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Figure 6-4 shows the topology diagram for this lab. Figure 6-4 Topology Diagram for Lab 6-1F0/0 R1 WEB/TFTP Server 172. 17. 50. 254 F0/1 F0/1 F0/2 S3 F0/4 F0/5 F0/1 F0/2 F0/3 S1 F0/3 F0/1 F0/2 F0/3 F0/4 F0/4 S2 F0/11 F0/6 F0/18 PC1 172. 17. 10. 21 VLAN 10 PC2 172. 17. 20. 22 VLAN 20 PC3 172. 17. 30. 23 VLAN 30 Table 6-4 shows the addressing scheme used in this lab. Table 6-4 Addressing Table for Lab 6-1 Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway R1 Fa0/0 172. 17. 50. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1. 1 172. 17. 1. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1. 10 172. 17. 10. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1. 20 172. 17. 20. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1. 30 172. 17. 30. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 Fa0/1. 99 172. 17. 9. 1 255. 255. 255. 0 S1 VLAN 9 9 172. 17. 99. 11 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 99. 1 S2 VLAN 99 172. 17. 99. 12 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 99. 1 S3 VLAN 99 172. 17. 99. 13 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 99. 1 PC1 NIC 172. 17. 10. 21 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 10. 1 PC2 NIC 172. 17. 20. 22 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 20. 1 PC3 NIC 172. 17. 30. 23 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 30. 1 Web server NIC 172. 17. 50. 254 255. 255. 255. 0 172. 17. 50. 1 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 251 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 251 Table 6-5 shows the port assignments used in this lab. Table 6-5 Port Assignments for S2 PortsAssignment Network Fa0/10/4 802. 1Q Trunks (Native VLAN 99) 172. 17. 99. 0 /24 Fa0/50/10 VLAN 30Guest (Default) 172. 17. 30. 0 /24 Fa0/110/17 VLAN 10Faculty/ faculty 172. 17. 10. 0 /24 Fa0/180/24 VLAN 20Students 172. 17. 20. 0 /24 Task 1 Prepare the Network Step 1. Cable a network that is similar to the one shown in Figure 6-4. You can use any current switch in your lab as long as it has the required interfaces shown in Figur e 6-4 and supports 802. 1Q encapsulation. The router you choose must support inter-VLAN routing. The output shown in this lab is based on Cisco 2960 switches and an 1841 router.Other switch or router models may produce different output. Set up cabinet connections to all three switches. Step 2. Clear any existing configurations on the switches. Clear NVRAM, delete the vlan. dat file, and reload the switches. Refer to Lab 2-1 Basic Switch Configuration (2. 5. 1) if necessary for the procedure. After the reload is complete, use the show vlan command to confirm that only default VLANs exist and that all ports are assigned to VLAN 1. S1show vlan VLAN Name Status Ports - 1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4 Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12 Fa0/13, Fa0/14, Fa0/15,Fa0/16 Fa0/17, Fa0/18, Fa0/19,Fa0/20 Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23,Fa0/24 Gig1/1, Gig1/2 1002 fddi-default active 1003 token-ring-default active 1004 fddinet-default active 1005 trnet-default active 06_20 28_ch06. qxp 252 4/3/08 510 PM Page 252 LAN Switching and Wireless, CCNA Exploration Labs and Study Guide Step 3. Disable all ports on the switches using the shutdown command. Ensure that the initial switch port states are inactive by disabling all ports. Use the interface scope command to simplify this task. Commands for S1 are shown here S1(config)interface range fa0/1-24S1(config-if-range)shutdown S1(config-if-range)interface range gi0/1-2 S1(config-if-range)shutdown Step 4. Reenable the active user ports on S2 in access mode S2(config)interface fa0/6 S2(config-if)switchport mode access S2(config-if)no shutdown S2(config-if)interface fa0/11 S2(config-if)switchport mode access S2(config-if)no shutdown S2(config-if)interface fa0/18 S2(config-if)switchport mode access S2(config-if)no shutdown Task 2 Perform Basic Switch Configurations Configure the S1, S2, and S3 switches according to the addressing table and the following guidelines Configure the switch hostname. Disable DNS loo kup. Configure an enable secret password of class. Configure a password of cisco for the locker connections. Configure a password of cisco for vty connections. Configure the default gateway on each switch. except the commands for S1 are shown here Switchgtenable Switchconfigure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Switch(config)hostname S1 S1(config)enable secret class S1(config)no ip domain-lookup S1(config)ip default-gateway 172. 17. 99. 1 S1(config)line console 0 S1(config-line)password ciscoS1(config-line)login S1(config-line)line vty 0 15 S1(config-line)password cisco S1(config-line)login S1(config-line)end %SYS-5-CONFIG_I Configured from console by console 06_2028_ch06. qxp 4/3/08 510 PM Page 253 Chapter 6 Inter-VLAN Routing 253 S1copy running-config startup-config Destination filename startup-config? Building configuration OK Task 3 Configure Host PCs Configure the Ethernet interfaces of PC1, PC2, PC3, and the aloof web/TFTP server with the IP addresses in Table 6-4. Task 4 Configure VTP on the Switches Step 1. Configure VTP.

Differences Between Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Junior Essay

Ever since the beginning of African slavery in America there has been debate over whether slavery is moral or immoral. Beginning in 1896 swart rights attracters began to appear in the U. S. Two of the most influential and famous advocators of black rights were Martin Luther might Junior and Malcolm X. Although their goal of equality between all races is the same their approaches to achieving this goal are contrasting. The main differences between the two leaders are that pouf achieved his goal through serene and moving speeches about equality, slice Malcolm was a destroyer of those who were of the superior white race.The main differences in their approaches to discrimination can stem from their different childhoods. mightiness was from a prominent family in the area of Atlanta who had grown up with excellent schooling. King skipped two grades and went to an Ivy League school at the age of 15 and received the finest education passim his life. Malcolm grew up with no schoolin g and was virtually unknown before he began to travel around advocating black rights. Malcolm also suffered through tragedies in his life that scarred.Malcolms father abused his mother and she abused her octet children. Then Malcolms father was murdered and his mother suffered a breakdown and, as a result, his family was obligate to be split up. Their approaches to discrimination were grounded on their childhood which results in the great differences between them. Malcolm had a tartness desire to get back at the world that he felt he had been mistreated by. Luther grew up in a peaceful, loving environment and this showed through his non-violent protest movements.Beyond their childhood their stands were also influenced by their religions. Martin was a Baptist reverend who reached out to people while he was at his church. His beliefs were in the social gospel. However, King also practiced personalism. Personalism is defined as the theological concept that emphasizes the personal nature of God and grandeur as human personality as a reflection of that nature. Malcolm believed in the Islamic religion which condemned whites and showed them no mercy.Malcolm and Martin also followed the example of two different role models. Malcolm was influenced by Elijah Muhammad and his organization, the Nation of Islam. Elijah taught Malcolm that the white man is the match and that blacks are the true rulers of the world. Martin revered Gandhi for his way of seeking patience and non-violence. Gandhi was a famous religious leader who led a non-violent retaliation a growthst British imperialism in India. Gandhi taught Martin that it is good to fight a fight without all physical contact.Both Malcolm and Martin reflected the viewpoints of their leaders in the way they led their protests. Martin Luther King Junior used non-violent protesting, dormant resistance, and weapons of love to instruct his followers when fighting for equal rights. His approach can most easily be seen f rom his famous I Have a Dream, speech where he spoke eloquently about his reverie for blacks and whites being together with no tensions between them. Martin once quoted, A riot is the language of the unheard.Martin means that riots go forth get you nowhere, if you wish to be heard grab peoples attention through simple, peaceful actions. Malcolm was a segregationist, supporter of segregation, until his pilgrimage to Mecca. Malcolm also was willing to use any means necessary to gain equality for his people. He believed the only way blacks could gain true freedom was through revolution and force. as well their approaches to achieving equality their effects on the Civil Rights Movement are different. Martin Luther had a positive effect convertible to the way he delivered his point.He changed the perception towards equal freedom by introducing a new viewpoint with his I have a Dream, speech. His death also led to the passage of the civil rights legislation in 1968. Most significantly though Martin Luther King Junior gave his people the strength and courage to stand up to their persecutors. Malcolm was murdered similar to King but his death had no effect on the civil rights movement. rather of a positive effect on the world he encouraged protest and riots and more importantly instilled black pride.

People of the PNW before 1800 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People of the PNW before 1800 - Assignment ExampleRobert Gray was the maestro of the ship which was commenced in 1788 (Robbins, 2002). The native communities who bangd along river Columbia ranged widely in language, cultural organizations, living conditions and stinting relations. There were two communities who lived in the upper river. They included The Dallas and chinookan. The Dallas communicated with Sahaptin languages, while chikookan languages reigned downriver (Robbins, 2002).Coastal people tended to live in fixed village sites due(p) to lack of food sources. During the winter, fish and shellfish were easily harvested from estuaries and streams due to the relative mildness. In the western region, people gathered roots, seeds, nuts and berries that were harvested easily from the oak savannas and foothills (Robbins, 2002).They greatly voluminous themselves in manage. They not only traded with the nearby villages but also occasionally traded with the voyages in seagoing cano es from the north. The Tillamook people, occupants of the Federal coast, were familiar with the trails that passed through the headlands. They also related well with the people from the North and the South. Europeans from Span, France, Russia and Britain showed interest in the blend quarter of eighteenth century (Robbins, 2002). Voyages that involved Cook and Vancouver and their counterparts were made to the coast of Oregon to gather cultivation for British, American and European communities. In addition, their exploration gave information to the world about the Native people, potential moneymaking(prenominal) resources and important information about trade (Robbins, 2002).In the following years, there was the development of fur trade that attracted a group of people known as the Mountain Men. They worked with the local Natives to supply beaver and former(a) forms of fur to the Hudsons Bay Company and many other companies (Tate, 2005). Some of the people used the downhearted sl ave trade labor in their work. Also

Research/ Detail Paper of the Religion of the Sunni Muslim People Research

/ Detail of the Religion of the Sunni Muslim People - Research Paper ExampleAlthough several branches of Islam exist, Sunni Muslims are the largest by followership, accounting for about 80 percent of the worlds Muslim population, followed by the Shia at approximately 10 percent. As a branch of Islam, the Sunni emerged in the 7th century C.E. in the Middle East after dis keepments arose over who would succeed Prophet Muhammad. At the height of the disagreement, the Sunni advocated for the selection of a successor (also referred to as caliph) by the entire Muslim community, but the Shia believed that Ali, Muhammads son-in-law and also cousin, had been elect by the prophet to succeed him. This paper will research specific features and viewpoints of the Sunni Muslim and describe their past, give way and future. It will further highlight their conflicts and where they stand on the worldview and in the eyes of the US government and the Taliban. At this point, it is important to mention t hat the defining belief of the Taliban is Sunni Islam however, their interpretation and practice of Islam, including Sharia law and female brutality, sensible scholars decision to refer to them as fundamentalists or extremists (Goodson, 2002). The status Sunni is derived from the word Sunnah, which is an Arabic term that translates into the traditions of Prophet Muhammad. The Sunni Muslims agree with the other Islamic branches on many practical and theological aspects. This is because Islamic life stems from and is defined by Sharia (or Islamic) law. However, the areas that are unique to Sunni Muslims and set them apart from the start include the fact that they developed and grew from a controversy they do non agree with claims that a successor was named by the prophet they believed that companions of the prophet had imperative leadership and they relied on the consensus of scholars and religion. More contemporarily is their typical emphasis of Allahs power and how he determines human fate. Their commentary of what it entails being a Muslim is more inclusive, and that is why their tradition places prominence on the functions of religion in family (such as marriage, inheritance, divorce), political and public life (Goodson, 2002). For a better insight into Sunni Muslims, the research will be split into sections. Further, because the essence of Sunni Muslims is founded on their differences with the Shia Muslims, comparisons between the two will be used for the answer of emphasis. History Although the Sunni would later develop theological and legal traditions and structures over the centuries, its fundamental origins are embedded in the caliph succession dispute. The 632 C.E. death of Muhammad pitted the Muslim community into a leadership wrangle because Muhammad did not have living heirs, who were required to be male. Without one that the community could agree upon, it followed that they split along the lines of pickaxe of a leader, ending up with the Sun ni and Shia. Each sect had several subdivisions, but the Sunni and the Shia still roleplay the key divide in Islam (Johnson, 2010). Those who did not back the leadership of Ali adopted the name Sunni, which is a term that derives from ahl al-sunna wa al-jamaa. This is an Arabic phrase referring to a group of people who consider themselves to follow the ways of the prophet and are people of the community. They decided that the next caliph should come from the Quraysh tribe, to which the prophet belonged. Literature on Sunni business relationship indicates that while the prophet

The Demand for Money Like Inflation Leading Essay

The Demand for Money Like Inflation Leading - Essay ExampleI watch my savings in JP Morgan Chase & Co. I find the bank extremely reliable and the staff in truth amicable and helpful. Depositing money and withdrawal of money can be done conveniently since the staff is ever eager to provide their proceedss. Moreover, I stay in New York where the bank has its head behinds. I also ware equity shares and for trading purpose, I use the brokerage firm Fidelity Investments. I have elect this firm after strong recommendations from several of my friends and colleagues. The firm is completely reliable for making equity trades. They load up reasonable commissions and fees which suit my need. This brokerage firm which is based in the city of Boston ranks in the aggrandisement five in nine out of 12 categories including equity trading tools, research tools and customer service. The customer service is extremely good, and its research tools help me to make comparisons of four stocks at a pri son term using up to 147 different traits. Since I am an online customer, I get facilities like a quarter of my mutual funds and 6 per cent of my equity trade is free of commission. I use assort Insurance for my personal insurance. I find the premium easily affordable. I have insured my elevator car with the American Automobile Association for its lucrative premium. I have a low velocity of circulation which style I have more money than I normally spend. This is because I have the habit of memory aside some portion of my salary as precautions like sudden emergencies. Since such events do non happen in most months, therefore I can keep my velocity of circulation low.

Entrepreneurial business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurial business - Essay ExampleThe sh are of powered encounteres is almost half of the shelter of the market.The social factor that influences the toothbrush market is that consumers are getting more sensitive towards dental healthcare in order to reduce dental treatment. According to date UK consumers concerns regarding toothbrushes are they value the features of the toothbrushes, the comfort they provide, if they are recommended by professional and they also have concerns more about health of gums rather than cavity protection. The findings apprise that consumers are willing to pay premium prices for toothbrushes addressing these concerns (The Infoshop.com, Toothbrushes UK-April 2004,There is no specific environmental factors mentioned in reports, however the fact that more people are environmentally concerned should not be ignored. Any efforts in producing a new toothbrush should take this factor into consideration and adapt its manufacturing ability accordinglyThe powered toothbrushes continuously evolve the ones with round oscillating bristle heads have helped to improve oral hygiene. According to clinical studies, powered toothbrushes are more efficient to remove plaque than manual therefore they are widely accepted among dentists.In the late 1990s the market of powered toothbrushes was shaped into two distinct categories the lofty end toothbrushes ($20-$110) that provided complex motions to the bristles and the low end which provided very little cleaning benefit.The brush head, with its combination of wintry and moving bristles, was designed to have a more traditional sized brush head permitting patients to brush their teeth in an optimal manner recommended by a dentist, while the motorized circular serving of the brush promotes more effective cleaning. In addition, this brush has an angled shaft to permit easier access to the rear teeth in the oral cavityThe type of consumers that use powered toothbrushes are the